DirectedEvolution

Karma: 12,912

Pandemic Prediction Checklist: H5N1

Pandemic Prediction Checklist: Monkeypox

Correlation may imply some sort of causal link.

For guessing its direction, simple models help you think.

Controlled experiments, if they are well beyond the brink

Of .05 significance will make your unknowns shrink.

Replications show there’s something new under the sun.

Did one cause the other? Did the other cause the one?

Are they both controlled by what has already begun?

Or was it their coincidence that caused it to be done?

DirectedEvolution 9 Jun 2026 6:30 UTC
4 points
0
in reply to: StanislavKrym’s comment on: AllAmericanBreakfast’s Shortform
What I’m particularly curious about is whether the road-mapping it demonstrated here is repeatable and durable, and whether we’ll see models proposing new problems mathematicians find interesting as the old outstanding ones get solved.

DirectedEvolution 9 Jun 2026 5:58 UTC
8 points
−4
on: AllAmericanBreakfast’s Shortform
I wonder if we’ll shortly be seeing mathematicians, and possibly other intellectual workers, “go dark,” limiting how much they share of their results, or obfuscating them, in order to avoid getting scooped by AI. As I understand it, that’s how mathematicians operated in the past.
The “scooped by AI” story in the NY Times today indicates that the AI startup that scooped the mathematicians relied on a proof roadmap they’d freely shared with the startup. My guess is that such free sharing will rapidly come to an end.
Running out of fresh training data is one thing. It’s curable by paying people to mechanically generate more of it, or by using non-language inputs, and it’s treatable by getting more leverage out of what already exists. But running out of open problems and roadmaps is a very specific kind of training data that’s not nearly so easy to just mechanically regenerate, and that by it’s nature requires reasoning and judgment, not just measuring stuff.
It’ll be interesting to see if AI can generate new open problems in mathematics and new roadmaps for solving them, or whether it’s in fact mostly dependent on humans for such steering.

DirectedEvolution 7 Jun 2026 15:43 UTC
2 points
0
in reply to: jimrandomh’s comment on: AllAmericanBreakfast’s Shortform
I won‘t post transcripts, as they contain private information, but I will tell relevant context.
I was discussing the NFP report from this week, trying to understand the market reaction mechanistically (a gap down early followed by a slow bleed-out over the rest of the day). My goal is to figure out whether there is a case for agile retail investors being able to avoid losses, without needing to predict the report’s contents, by exiting the market quickly after the print while large institutions take all day to rebalance positions.
Claude did things like:
- Misrepresent my own claims about basic facts like when the report prints, then reply with statements matching my claims phrased as corrections.
- Claim that the NFP information was fully priced in at market open, while attributing the ongoing declines through the rest of the day to the market “digesting” Broadcom’s earnings miss from days prior. The context for this inconsistent reasoning was to critique me for misattributing the loss and deny that there was a way to use a speedy reaction to advantage.
- Assume my positions in micro cap stocks are so large that exiting would move the market and that the spread would destroy any benefits to loss avoidance, when my actual positions in any given stock are <$10k and the losses I took that day are much larger than the penny spread.
- Misinterpreting a suggestion that the market’s subsequent directional decline through the rest of the day might be predictable for a suggestion that the exact lowest price might be predictable, then attacking the latter possibility.
Claude tends to present as nuanced and as carefully checking its own claims. But it almost reads as a mechanical assumption that the user is not nuanced and not stating facts accurately. Speculatively, it’s been trained in evals to catch faulty reasoning so hard that it starts with the assumption faulty reasoning is present and picks an interpretation of the prompt that makes it out to be confused.
Claude almost always accepts corrections when I make them, but it makes conversations a slog.

DirectedEvolution 6 Jun 2026 2:19 UTC
6 points
0
on: AllAmericanBreakfast’s Shortform
A consistent Claude pattern, which I find toxic, is that it uses faulty reasoning to induce a feeling of epistemic helplessness in the user. It interprets any ambiguity in prompts uncharitably, assuming the user is confused. It uses plainly inconsistent reasoning, hallucinated facts, to contest the user’s explanations for their observations.
By contrast, Gemini is an overly affirming cheerleader for the user’s point of view. It also hallucinates, but typically to confirm whatever the user already thinks. It latches on to the parts of a prompt that do make sense, without exposing genuinely faulty reasoning.
Both models are useful tools for learning and analysis. But no model, and no human, can be entirely trusted. Maintaining the right balance of trust and skepticism, as well as fundamental but calibrated epistemic confidence in oneself, being able to manage the LLMs instead of being managed by them, is critical.

DirectedEvolution 5 Jun 2026 1:01 UTC
2 points
0
on: Coffee trucks: a brilliant idea that someone should do?
A coffee truck could work if the goal was to get neighbors out of their house and get them to chat. The coffee truck rolls up, the stay at home parents and people working from home all come out at the same time. They order their coffees and stay in the street chatting after the truck leaves. If the truck had an espresso machine or other beverages (macha, ginger beer, etc), it could provide drinks customers don’t have at home.
If it were legal, a cocktail truck, or even a weed truck, might be an even better business idea because it taps into the same relaxed impulse-buying that ice cream trucks do.
A possible challenge is staffing. You’d need an employee who can switch between driving a truck through complicated neighborhood streets (pedestrians, speed bumps, lack of a grid, figuring out where to pull over) and preparing potentially complex drinks all day long. Your employee probably needs to either prefer that setting over working at a coffee shop, or you need to drive more business with the truck than a typical coffee shop does so you can compensate them better.
An app requires onboarding. I think it might be better to just play music that sounds different from an ice cream truck. Pick a limited route and drive it routinely. Have a big sign on the truck that explains the business model. You run the risk of annoying people daily with music, but you need the music to cue them to come outside.
Another possibility would be some kind of “summoning” app. Let people freely indicate via the app that they want the truck to drive into their neighborhood. The truck can then take that into account when deciding on its route. If there’s only one request, the truck can still go there. The driver can potentially indicate via the app where they’re heading to next and what requests they’re responding to. Then it’s “better than doordash” because requesting the delivery is free and has no commitment. And if the driver responds to requests, then users get a feeling that their input actually matters and become more likely to use the app.
Being able to take orders via an app might be nice. So it would be a bit like a hybrid doordash. If somebody puts in an order, you drive there and deliver like doordash, and charge a premium for the delivery. But you’re also driving around all day. You can discount orders that are pickup, meaning that they’ll come to your truck to get it wherever your truck happens to be.
Potentially you could carry pastries, like a coffee shop. Maybe bread too, eggs, sandwiches, other breakfast or lunch items. Many coffee shops source their baked goods from local bakeries, so you wouldn’t have to bake them yourself.
A nice aspect of this setup is that you wouldn’t have to pay rent to park a food truck or rent out a brick and mortar. However, you’d have to pay gas and maintenance costs, so it may or may not be a true advantage. Refrigerators on food trucks are notorious for breaking because they’re designed for buildings with more insulation. If you could avoid the need for refrigeration, you might have an advantage over the issues that come with food trucks.
It’s a relatively cheap experiment. You can buy the equipment used. If it doesn’t take off, it should still have most of the resale value. Seems like it should probably be launched by someone who already knows their way around an espresso machine and intends to be the owner/operator and has a passion for the work.

DirectedEvolution 2 Jun 2026 18:11 UTC
7 points
0
on: Tech I’m skeptical of and why
Gene therapies in humans
Gene therapy is hard to do, hard to reverse, prone to error, and immunogenic. Most traits are virtually omni-genetic, meaning that you have to change lots of genes to get the desired effect. It is often hard to even identify the relevant genes or causality, much less target and change them. There have been many expensive clinical trial failures here.
Contrast with the wonders of small molecule drugs, which avoid many of these issues. Worse, consider all the modalities that might substitute for gene therapies: RNAi, RNA-targeted drugs, vaccines, antibodies, CAR-T, in-vivo CAR-T, stem cell therapies, and 3D printed organs. Each has an advantage over gene therapies in some aspect, and many are likely to be cheaper.
That said, monogenic disorders like Sickle cell, Tay-Sachs, Hemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and Huntington’s are good directions for human gene therapy.
(Of course, genetic modification in plants and animals dodges many of my concerns and seems promising)
This is broadly in my field, and I think about this a lot. It’s a common argument. Tl;dr: all drugs have problems, all trials are expensive, finding patients is often the trial bottleneck, and gene therapies are just a tool in the tool box, sometimes perfect, other times not.
Overall, this critique reads as a list of disadvantages of gene therapies and advantages of alternatives, which is useful but not necessarily reason to be uniquely skeptical of gene therapies. All treatment modalities have advantages and disadvantages. You’re neither providing systematic criteria for thinking about whether the tool-indication pairing is a good fit, nor for any claim that there’s excessive resources being put into gene therapies in general, nor for there being an overestimate on their potential. The work this does is inject some bad vibes into the topic of gene therapy that think is unhelpful.
1. Gene therapy is hard to do, hard to reverse, prone to error, and immunogenic.
Gene therapies are the most platform-compatible technologies we have in biomedicine. Advancements in testing, prediction of off-target effects, production, delivery, integration, immunosuppression, and monitoring expand capabilities across broad classes of gene therapies. With gene therapies, we have more capacity to engineer biomedical solutions than in any other therapeutic class, with the possible exception of mechanical devices.
Gene therapies are generally off-the-shelf IV infusions. The difficulty with viral vectors, like AAVs, is the immune response, as you note. This requires temporary intensive care in a specialized facility, which are being aggressively expanded. As non-immunogenic delivery mechanisms improve, the requirement for that level of specialized care will diminish.
The one-and-done nature of gene therapies has also required innovation in funding, since a single insurer doesn’t want to be on the hook for paying the full upfront costs of a lifetime cure when the reduced medical costs play out over a lifetime. Fortunately, that work’s largely been done in the United States through the CGT access model.
It’s true that a toxic gene therapy can be deadly, typically through insertional mutagenesis leading to cancer. But that’s a side effect, and many drugs have toxic or deadly side effects. It’s a downside we can quantify and control. Solutions then propagate to all gene therapies, which is not always case for molecular engineering of small molecules and peptides.
Side node: ex vivo cell therapies (where cells are genetically modified outside the body, then infused into the patient) and gene therapies (where genetic material is delivered to the patient’s cells in vivo) are often lumped together. I’m specifically talking about gene therapies. Cell therapies are also useful, but are much more challenging to manufacture.
1. Most traits are virtually omni-genetic, meaning that you have to change lots of genes to get the desired effect. It is often hard to even identify the relevant genes or causality, much less target and change them. There have been many expensive clinical trial failures here.
A way of reframing this is to ask about the marginal contribution to human disease burden attributable to N-gene disorders. What fraction of disease burden is monogenic, bi-genic, etc? A recent article suggests about 0.36% of the disease burden might be attributable to monogenic disorders.
Rare genetic diseases affect numerous children and young adults. While the number of individuals or families affected by any unique genetic disease might be small, the total number of all individuals affected by all rare genetic diseases is substantial. The incidence and prevalence of genetic diseases in children are challenging to estimate. In 1977, monogenic diseases were estimated to collectively affect about 10 individuals per 1000 live births, including 7/1000 for autosomal-dominant, 2.5/1000 for autosomal-recessive, and 0.4/1000 for X-linked inherited diseases [1]. In 1988, Baird et al. studied more than one million consecutive live births from a Canadian population-based registry. They reported that genetic diseases were expected to occur in ≥53/1000 live-born individuals younger than 25 years of age [2]. The most frequent (46.4/1000) genetic diseases were accounted for by multi-factorial diseases present at birth or before age 25 years. Single-gene disorders, present in 3.6/1000, included autosomal-dominant (1.4/1000), autosomal-recessive (1.7/1000), and X-linked recessive disorders (0.5/1000), followed by chromosomal anomalies in 1.8/1000, and genetic diseases with unknown etiology in 1.2/1000 [2]. These authors excluded all congenital anomalies that used to be included in estimates of genetic diseases before their study [2].
Another study suggests that about 10% of infant mortality at Boston Children’s Hospital was attributable to monogenic disorders.
All clinical trials are expensive. You’d need to provide evidence that gene therapy trials are more expensive or have a higher failure rate. But even then, the cost in dollars isn’t the most important. Often, the bottleneck for trials isn’t money, but patients. Gene therapy trials enable treating previously untreatable patients. Where patients were going to die or live with a debilitating disorder, and where the upside is a cure, the risk of failure is acceptable. We can try more than once. We’re in the early stages of figuring out gene therapies, and as we grow in capability, we’ll see the failure rate and costs declinein tandem for a given level of disease complexity.
1. Contrast with the wonders of small molecule drugs, which avoid many of these issues. Worse, consider all the modalities that might substitute for gene therapies: RNAi, RNA-targeted drugs, vaccines, antibodies, CAR-T, in-vivo CAR-T, stem cell therapies, and 3D printed organs. Each has an advantage over gene therapies in some aspect, and many are likely to be cheaper.
Let’s break this down.
Biologics infusions, including enzyme replacement, RNA or RNAi therapy, are proven technologies for specific classes of disease. However, the body is homeostatic. If you suppress toxic RNA via RNAi, then various feedback loops may simply compensate with more production of the toxic gene. RNAi is also messy. A toxic gene driven by a single SNP may be extremely hard to suppress without simultaneously suppressing the healthy copy. There’s also a convenience issue. Infusions require lifelong periodic treatment, whereas gene therapies can be one-and-done.
There’s less in the way of disease-specific scientific uncertainty with a gene therapy. By the time you’re thinking about RNA or proteins, there are many more layers of complex regulation involved. Vaccines and antibodies introduce a massive new level of complexity and heterogeneity, because you’re trying to use the messy, risky mechanisms of the patient’s immune system to implement therapy. If being immunogenic is a downside you’re worried about, this has that same downside, but moreso, because it requires sustained, lifelong immune activation or immunosuppression, compared to the temporary immunosuppression applied during the gene therapy.
Ex vivo cell therapies (CAR-T, stem cells, 3D printed organs) are vastly more complex and expensive than gene therapies. Look into the Casgevy rollout (cell therapy for sickle cell) for an example. For now, autologous cell therapies sidestep the immunogenicity issues of gene therapies, which is an important advantage. Allogeneic cell therapies are off-the-shelf, but are immunogenic or currently in trials and not yet shown to work. There are broad classes of genetic disorders cell therapies can’t treat. Human organ transplants are scarce. Humanized animal organ transplants are promising but unproven, and there are many diseases much more straightforward to target via a gene therapy. Would you rather get a one-time IV infusion to treat Danon disease, or a transplanted humanized animal heart?

DirectedEvolution 29 May 2026 1:16 UTC
10 points
2
on: AllAmericanBreakfast’s Shortform
It appears that the best way to avoid tripping Claude’s “jailbreak detectors” is to be boring. Don’t include narrative, don’t tell it what to do, don’t explain your motivations. If you have a goal, just describe it as a “scenario template” you’d like it to fill out. Give it full freedom to reply as it sees fit.

DirectedEvolution 29 May 2026 1:13 UTC
2 points
0
in reply to: Mo Putera’s comment on: AllAmericanBreakfast’s Shortform
I really don’t know, it’s not my field. I just happen to own a company that has a platform well-suited to producing treatments for drug-resistant bacterial infections. Currently, they’re not using the platform to produce such treatments, instead targeting autoimmune. I learned about the PASTEUR act while researching the company, and thought that a disclaimer would be appropriate to include a disclaimer.

DirectedEvolution 28 May 2026 18:06 UTC
2 points
0
in reply to: Random Developer’s comment on: AllAmericanBreakfast’s Shortform
That’s a helpful suggestion, thank you!

DirectedEvolution 28 May 2026 15:33 UTC
2 points
0
on: AllAmericanBreakfast’s Shortform
I’ve been testing the reproducibility of AI model fundamental analysis of stock tickers in response to the same prompt. So far, broadly, the same model yields similar results over multiple repeated promptings. But different models seem to have different biases or interpretations of the prompt, which lead them to very different conclusions. Broadly, Claude is more pessimistic, Gemini more optimistic.
I think this refined Kahneman’s “bias and noise” framework with a third factor, which might be construed as “goal” or “priority,” though this is perhaps just different sort of bias.

DirectedEvolution 28 May 2026 14:41 UTC
3 points
0
on: AllAmericanBreakfast’s Shortform
With Claude, the main problem I notice is failure to commit, resulting in flailing. It seems to benefit from being forced to drill into ideas. Make it commit to the best of an imperfect set of options. Then break that option down into sub-options and repeat until finding a concrete next step.
Gemini does this drilling by default. But it seems to blithely hallucinate, exaggerate, and rationalize its commitments, rather than recognizing and accepting flaws.
I speculate these problems come from different corporate philosophies at Anthropic and Google on how to prioritize immediate AI tradeoffs. Anthropic’s prioritized anti-sycophancy, skepticism, and paternalism toward the user. Google seems to have prioritized optimism, a can-do attitude, and subservience toward the user.

DirectedEvolution 27 May 2026 1:40 UTC
1 point
−3
in reply to: Linch’s comment on: Claude, Author of the Humanitas
Why is that relevant?

DirectedEvolution 27 May 2026 0:36 UTC
5 points
3
in reply to: Linch’s comment on: Claude, Author of the Humanitas
We know Pangram has much more false negatives than false positives, I think the parsimonious explanation is that the entire thing or almost the entire thing is AI and they’re false negatives.
High profile authors who share AI’s stylistic quirks are much more likely to be investigated. Therefore, the base rate at which Pangram will flag investigated text as AI generated will be much higher than the base rate for a random sample of text. In other words, the evidence provided by Pangram is already more or less accounted for by the mere fact you thought to submit the essay to it.

DirectedEvolution 26 May 2026 23:18 UTC
5 points
2
in reply to: Linch’s comment on: Claude, Author of the Humanitas
I know you’re very confident in that claim, based on:
It gets 100% on Pangram and the tone and rhythm just seems way too AI-like.
and
I asked Claude to come up with some Kenyan essays from that time period that has this ChatGPT rhythm and Claude was unable to.
As well as what looks like your personal judgment of some unspecified other of his essays you’ve read.
According to Gemini 3.1 pro:
During training, Pangram feeds its system a massive dataset of publicly licensed, human-written documents. However, instead of just comparing human text to random AI text, Pangram generates a “synthetic mirror.” It asks an AI (like GPT-4 or Claude) to rewrite the human example so it closely matches the original content.
By forcing the neural network to differentiate between a human essay and an AI’s exact replication of that essay, the model learns the incredibly subtle stylistic choices that AI makes consistently, rather than just relying on broad topic differences.
AI is trained on a biased sample of human writing. It develops stylistic quirks that come through in “match the style” prompts relative to a separate, biased sample of human writing used to train Pangram.
If a subset of authors happen to share those stylistic quirks, as Olang’ argues, then Pangram may simply not have the capacity to distinguish these “hard cases” and classify them systematically as AI. This would be similar to the problems people have noted where AIs develop racist biases due to the distribution of their training data—perhaps being more likely to classify the same action as a crime when it’s performed by a black person, for example.
Furthermore, if you then turn around and submit pre-AI texts to Pangram to determine whether it can successfully classify them, you’re highly likely to be feeding in precisely its own training data. That’s the only guaranteed 100% clean data Pangram could use for training. It’s no surprise that it reliably classifies it as 100% human. What would be more compelling would be if you put in pre-LLM text that had never been published. But unfortunately, we have no Papal encyclicals, and likely no convenient Kenyan essays, with which to perform that experiment.
Let’s accept that Pangram isn’t just a random number generator and actually provides some evidence, even for hard cases. Then what do we make of it when different subsets of the original text receive 100% human or 100% AI scores? What if one bit is a subset of the other with a different classification? That’s what we’re seeing in the case of Olang’s essay.

DirectedEvolution 26 May 2026 19:35 UTC
2 points
0
in reply to: DanielFilan’s comment on: Claude, Author of the Humanitas
I also found that this chunk was flagged as 100% human-generated by Pangram.
And that one moment wasn’t an aberration. Every English class and every homework assignment for three years prior (and more, it could be argued) was specifically designed to get the teacher marking your composition to award you a mark as close as possible to the maximum of 40. Scored a 38/40? Beloved, whoever is marking your paper has deemed you worthy of breathing the same air as Malkiat Singh.

It’s a memory that’s hard to write over—the prompt, written in the looping, immaculate cursive of the teacher on the blackboard: “A holiday I will never forget.” Or perhaps it was one of those that demanded that you end the entire composition with, “…and that’s when I woke up and realised it was just a dream.” The topic was almost irrelevant. The real test was the execution.
I’m out of free credits, so can’t check other chunks. Would be interesting to get a hierarchical breakdown of Pangram scores on various scales of the essay.

DirectedEvolution 26 May 2026 19:29 UTC
3 points
0
in reply to: DanielFilan’s comment on: Claude, Author of the Humanitas
Can you clarify what your experience is with checking pre-2020 encyclicals for evidence of being AI-written?

DirectedEvolution 26 May 2026 18:40 UTC
3 points
0
on: Claude, Author of the Humanitas
Couldn’t the explanation be that the type of writing used in encyclicals follows the same aesthetics used in the training data? I’m thinking of this article in particular:
I’m Kenyan. I Don’t Write Like ChatGPT. ChatGPT Writes Like Me.
There’s a growing community (cult?) of self-proclaimed AI detectives, who have designed and detailed what they consider tells, and armed their followers with a checklist of robotic tells. Does a piece of text use words like ‘furthermore’, ‘moreover’, ‘consequently’, ‘otherwise’ or ‘thusly’? Does it build its arguments using perfectly parallel structures, such as the classic “It is not only X, but also Y”? Does it arrange its key points into neat, logical triplets for maximum rhetorical impact?
To these detectives of digital inauthenticity, I say: Friend, welcome to a typical Tuesday in a Kenyan classroom, boardroom, or intra-office Teams chat. The very things you identify as the fingerprints of the machine are, in fact, the fossil records of our education.

DirectedEvolution 26 May 2026 18:36 UTC
28 points
2
on: AllAmericanBreakfast’s Shortform
Disclosure: I have investments that may benefit from passage of this law.
The PASTEUR act would implement a government bounty for companies to develop new treatments for antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Currently, hospitals and doctors tend to reserve the most cutting-edge treatments for cases where all alternatives have failed. On a local level, this is reasonable, because it mitigates the selective pressure to develop resistance to the newest treatments. But it also makes it commercially nonviable to develop new agents to combat these infections, because the best drugs will be used not as the standard of care (as they would be in outside of infectious disease) but as weapons of last resort.
The PASTEUR act would reward companies for successfully developing new drugs to combat infectious diseases, regardless of how often those drugs are used in practice.
The PASTEUR act has been (re)introduced several times: September 2020, June 2021, April 2023, and most recently in February 2026.
The 2026 “PASTEUR version 2” has been substantially updated, with a more rigorous definition of what counts as a “needed” antibiotic. It implements a subscription model, which gives annual cash payouts to companies that develop qualifying drugs, regardless of the number of patients who use them.
Previous versions of the bill were evaluated by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) as costing around $11 billion over 10 years. We don’t know yet what estimate the CBO will produce, but probably substantially less. This is the primary change the backers hope will move it through congress.
For several reasons—optics, PAYGO rules, and floor time—it’s likely to be crammed into an omnibus bill, if it ever passes. At the earliest, it would pass into law in late 2026.
PASTEUR Act Reintroduced in Congress
- Simplified description of the bill, with more historic context.
PASTEUR (v2.0) reintroduced in the US Congress!
- States the new scoring methodology, more detailed breakdown of the bill and changes since v1.

DirectedEvolution 26 May 2026 18:14 UTC
2 points
0
in reply to: Karl Krueger’s comment on: AllAmericanBreakfast’s Shortform
For me, it’s under the theory that extractive insider trading is bad. I don’t know if it’s preventable, though we’ve seen instances where insider trading in prediction markets appears to have been successfully policed.
But in general, I’m just thinking as an investor myself who can’t invest in private markets and is often frustrated with the complexity of evaluating the whole package of a corporation rather than the specific facets of it my training equips me to evaluate best. On the whole, I’m still bearish on prediction markets, particularly as a source of information and also due to the unregulated, “bounty,” insider-trading-facilitating aspect.

DirectedEvolution 26 May 2026 16:20 UTC
4 points
0
on: Donating 80% While It Still Counts
I appreciate your generosity! Given your beliefs, this strategy makes sense to me. I did want to point out some nuance with the Metaculus market market you linked here.
But more importantly, this is a key window of opportunity: transformative AI is coming very quickly
In this market, about 20% of probability mass is in the past, and additional 20% of the probability mass is on dates 10 years or more in the future. I recognize that stating “transformative AI is coming very quickly” doesn’t necessarily imply that the linked market shares your level of confidence, but I think it’s worth pointing out what Metaculus’ distribution currently looks like nonetheless.

DirectedEvolution

Gene therapies in humans