The Death in Damascus thought experiment shows some conceptual shortcomings of CDT which precommitment cannot deal with.
In this thought experiment, CDT could (depending on implementation) enter into an infinite loop or keep on wasting resources to move between Damascus and Aleppo.
I don’t think I’ve heard people calling 1 wireheading. It certainly isn’t whatI have in mind when I hear the term.
For 2, I’m interested to see a non-embedded example. If the agent can tamper the input to its reward function, wouldn’t that make it embedded?