It’s probably false (though maybe useful?) to say “akrasia is just an excuse.” But, at least for me and my most common akratic actions, excusability is definitely a factor.
Let’s say I can take three actions:
Answer emails, which benefits (society/my employer and coworkers/other people who are relying on me/me in a long-term way) and is also very boring and frustrating.
Read a book, which benefits me in the short and long term and is mildly positive for the rest of the world (in the sense that it makes me smarter in the long run and less cranky in the short run.)
Doomscroll, which makes me miserable and dumber, and is thereby also mildly negative for the rest of the world.
Reading a book should dominate doomscrolling. However, reading a book is also legibly, deliberatively nonproductive and selfish, while I could say “oops I meant to answer emails but I got distracted doomscrolling,” including to myself.
(Being lazy and just responding to the abstract—these may be well addressed by the paper itself.)
That strikes me as a very low rate—enough so that my instinct is that a false positive rate might exceed it on its own. (At least, if I were reading an-in-actuality benign conversation, my chance of misreading it as actually deeply manipulative would probably be greater than 1⁄1,000, especially if one party was looking to the other for advice!) Of course where “severe” disempowerment occurs such that the human user is “fundamentally” compromised looks like something with pretty fuzzy boundaries, such that I’d expect many border cases of moderate disempowerment/compromise for each severe/fundamental case, however defined, so I’m not sure how much the rate conveys on its own. (How many cases are there of chatbots giving genuinely good advice that subtly erodes independent decision-making habits, and how would we score whether these count as “helpful” on net? Plausibly these might even be the majority of conversations.)
(That being said, I also expect my error rate in giving non-manipulative advice would count as pretty good if out 10,000 cases of people seeking advice I only accidentally talked <10 out of their own ability to reason about it, so good on Claude if a lot of the implicit framing above is accurate.)