Maxime Riché

• Maxime Riché 21 Feb 2020 16:30 UTC

  27 points

  on: Open & Wel­come Thread—Fe­bru­ary 2020

  Offering 100-300h of technical work on an AI Safety project

  I am a deep learning engineer (2y exp), I currently develop vision models to be used on satellite images (I also do some software engineering around that) (Linkedin profile https://​​www.linkedin.com/​​in/​​maxime-riche-73696182/​​). On my spare time, I am organizing a EA local group in Toulouse (France), learning RL, doing a research project on RL for computer vision (only expecting indirect utility from this) and developing an EAA tool (EffectiveAnimalAdvocacy). I have been in the French EA community for 4 years. In 2020, I chose to work part time to dedicate 2 to 3 days of work per week to EA aligned projects.Thus for the next 8 months, I have ~10h /​​ week that I want to dedicate to assist an AI safety project. For myself, I am not looking for funds, nor to publish myself a paper, nor a blog post.To me the ideal project would be:

  • a relevant technical AI safety project (research or not). I am looking for advice on the “relevant” part.

  • where I would be able to help the project to achieve better quality results than otherwise without my contribution. (e.g. through writing better code, doing more experiments, testing other designs)

  • where I can learn more about technical AI safety

  • where my contribution would include writing code. If it is a research proposal, then implement experiments. If there is no experimental part currently in the project, I could take charge of creating one.

• Maxime Riché 9 Jul 2020 14:37 UTC

  1 point

  on: Covid 7/​9: Lies, Damn Lies and Death Rates

  Explanations 1+5: We are doing a better job treating people who get infected.

  Explanations 2+3+6: Different people are getting infected who are less vulnerable.

  Explanation 4: We are increasingly covering up deaths.

  I did not read everything… but between the 1st and 2 wage, there is ~ x5 time less death but ~ x2 more daily cases currently. Could this be also explained by much more tests being done?

  Then the first wage would have been ~x10 time higher than reported in the comparaison and the second wage would currently be still below the first.

[Question] Can we ex­pect more value from AI al­ign­ment than from an ASI with the goal of run­ning al­ter­nate tra­jec­to­ries of our uni­verse?

• Maxime Riché 16 Nov 2020 16:20 UTC

  1 point

  on: Safe ex­plo­ra­tion and corrigibility

  One particularly interesting recent work in this domain was Leike et al.’s “Learning human objectives by evaluating hypothetical behaviours,” which used human feedback on hypothetical trajectories to learn how to avoid environmental traps. In the context of the capability exploration/​objective exploration dichotomy, I think a lot of this work can be viewed as putting a damper on instrumental capability exploration.

  Isn’t this work also linked to objective exploration? One of the four “hypothetical behaviours” used is the selection of trajectories which maximizes reward uncertainty. Trajectories which are then evaluated by humans.

[Question] How should OpenAI com­mu­ni­cate about the com­mer­cial perfor­mances of the GPT-3 API?

• Maxime Riché 20 Dec 2021 14:47 UTC

  2 points

  on: Un­der­stand­ing Gra­di­ent Hacking

  Maybe another weak solution close to “Take bigger steps”: Use decentralize training.

  Meaning: perform several training steps (gradient updates) in parallel on several replicates of the model and periodically synchronize the weights (like average them).

  Each replicate has only access to its own inputs and local weights and thus it seems plausible that the gradient hacker can’t as easily cancel gradients going against its mesa-objective.

• Maxime Riché 5 Jan 2022 10:35 UTC

  3 points

  in reply to: D𝜋’s comment on: D𝜋′s Spik­ing Network

  Here with 2 conv and less than 100k parameters the accuracy is ~92%. https://​​github.com/​​zalandoresearch/​​fashion-mnist

  SOTA on Fashion-MNIST is >96%. https://​​paperswithcode.com/​​sota/​​image-classification-on-fashion-mnist

• Maxime Riché 5 Apr 2022 14:51 UTC

  16 points

  on: Google’s new 540 billion pa­ram­e­ter lan­guage model

  I am curious to hear/​read more about the issue of spikes and instabilities in training large language model (see the quote /​ page 11 of the paper). If someone knows a good reference about that, I am interested!

  5.1 Training Instability

  For the largest model, we observed spikes in the loss roughly 20 times during training, despite the fact that gradient clipping was enabled. These spikes occurred at highly irregular intervals, sometimes happening late into training, and were not observed when training the smaller models. Due to the cost of training the largest model, we were not able to determine a principled strategy to mitigate these spikes.

  Instead, we found that a simple strategy to effectively mitigate the issue: We re-started training from a checkpoint roughly 100 steps before the spike started, and skipped roughly 200–500 data batches, which cover the batches that were seen before and during the spike. With this mitigation, the loss did not spike again at the same point. We do not believe that the spikes were caused by “bad data” per se, because we ran several ablation experiments where we took the batches of data that were surrounding the spike, and then trained on those same data batches starting from a different, earlier checkpoint. In these cases, we did not see a spike. This implies that spikes only occur due to the combination of specific data batches with a particular model parameter state. In the future, we plan to study more principled mitigation strategy for loss spikes in very large language models.

• Maxime Riché 6 Apr 2022 8:05 UTC

  9 points

  in reply to: Dennis Towne’s comment on: Google’s new 540 billion pa­ram­e­ter lan­guage model

  “The training algorithm has found a better representation”?? That seems strange to me since the loss should be lower in that case, not spiking. Or maybe you mean that the training broke free of a kind of local minima (without telling that he found a better one yet). Also I guess people training the models observed that waiting after these spike don’t lead to better performances or they would not have removed them from the training.

  Around this idea, and after looking at the “grokking” paper, I would guess that it’s more likely caused by the weight decay (or similar) causing the training to break out of a kind of local minima. An interesting point may be that larger/​better LM may have significantly sharper internal models and thus are more prone to this phenomenon (The weight decay (or similar) more easily breaking the more sensitive/​better/​sharper models).

  It should be very easy to check if these spikes are caused by the weight decay “damaging” very sharp internal models. Like replay the spiky part several times with less and less weight decay… (I am curious of similar tests with varying the momentum, dropout… At looking if the spikes are initially triggered by some subset of the network, during how many training steps long are the spikes...)

• Maxime Riché 13 May 2022 8:30 UTC

  21 points

  on: Deep­mind’s Gato: Gen­er­al­ist Agent

  It’s only 1.2 billion parameters.

  Indeed but to slightly counter balance this, at the same time, it looks like it was trained on ~500B tokens (while ~300B were used for GPT-3 and something like ~50B for GPT-2).

• Maxime Riché 13 May 2022 8:39 UTC

  3 points

  in reply to: Daniel Kokotajlo’s comment on: “A Gen­er­al­ist Agent”: New Deep­Mind Publication

  Indeed but to slightly counter balance this, at the same time, it looks like it was trained on ~500B tokens (while ~300B were used for GPT-3 and for GPT-2 something like ~50B).

• Maxime Riché 16 May 2022 9:11 UTC

  7 points

  on: Is AI Progress Im­pos­si­ble To Pre­dict?

  If you look at the logit given a range that is not [0.0, 1.0] but [low perf, high perf], then you get a bit more predictive power, but it is still confusingly low.

  A possible intuition here is that the scaling is producing a transition from non-zero performance to non-perfect performance. This seems right since the random baseline is not 0.0 and reaching perfect accuracy is impossible.

  I tried this only with PaLM on NLU and I used the same adjusted range for all tasks:

  [0.9 * overall min. acc., 1.0 − 0.9 * (1.0 - overall max acc.)] ~ [0.13, 0.95]

  Even if this model was true, they are maybe other additional explanations like the improvement on one task are not modeled by one logit function but by several of them. A task would be composed of sub-tasks each modelizable by one logit function. And if this make sense, one could try to model the improvements in all of the tasks using only a small number of logit curves associated to each sub-tasks (decomposing each tasks into a set of sub-tasks with a simple trend).

  (Also Gopher looks like less predictable and the data more sparse (no data point in the X0 B parameters))

  

• Maxime Riché 21 Jun 2022 8:49 UTC

  3 points

  −3

  in reply to: Pattern’s comment on: Let’s See You Write That Cor­rigi­bil­ity Tag

  You can see the sum of the votes and the number of votes (by having your mouse over the number). This should be enough to give you a rough idea of the ration between + and—votes :)

• Maxime Riché 29 Sep 2022 12:29 UTC

  6 points

  3

  on: The shard the­ory of hu­man values

  Some quick thoughts about “Content we aren’t (yet) discussing”:

  Shard theory should be about transmission of values by SL (teaching, cloning, inheritance) more than learning them using RL

  SL (Cloning) is more important than RL. Humans learn a world model by SSL, then they bootstrap their policies through behavioural cloning and finally they finetune their policies thought RL.

  Why? Because of theoretical reasons and from experimental data points, this is the cheapest why to generate good general policies…

  • SSL before SL because you get much more frequent and much denser data about the world by trying to predict it. ⇒ SSL before SL because of a bottleneck on the data from SL.

  • SL before RL because this remove half (in log scale) of the search space by removing the need to discover|learn your reward function at the same time than your policy function. Because in addition, this remove the need do to the very expensive exploration and the temporal and “agential”(when multiagent) credit assignments. ⇒ SL before RL because of the cost of doing RL.

  Differences:

  • In cloning, the behaviour comes first and then the biological reward is observed or not. Behaviours that gives no biological reward to the subject can be learned. The subject will still learn some kind of values associated to these behaviours.

  • Learning with SL, instead of RL, doesn’t rely as much on credit assignment and exploration. What are the consequences of that?

  What values are transmitted?

  1) The final values

  The learned values known by the previous generation.

  Why?

  • Because it is costly to explore by yourself your reward function space

  • Because it is beneficiary to the community to help you improve your policies quickly

  2) Internalised instrumental values

  Some instrument goals are learned as final goal, they are “internalised”.

  Why?

  • exploration is too costly

    • finding an instrumental goal is too rare or too costly

  • exploitation is too costly

    • having to make the choice of pursuing an instrumental goal in every situation is too costly or not quick enough (reaction time)

  • when being highly credible is beneficial

    • implicit commitments to increase your credibility

  3) Non-internalised instrumental values

  Why?

  • Because it is beneficiary to the community to help you improve your policies quickly

  Shard theory is not about the 3rd level of reward function

  We have here 3 level of rewards function:

  1) The biological rewards

  Hardcoded in our body

  Optimisation process creating it: Evolution

  • Universe + Evolution ⇒ Biological rewards

  Not really flexible

  • Without “drugs” and advanced biotechnologies

  Almost no generalization power

  • Physical scope: We feel stuff when we are directly involved

  • Temporal scope: We feel stuff when they are happening

  • Similarity scope: We fell stuff when we are directly involved

  Called sensations, pleasure, pain

  2) The learned values | rewards | shards

  Learned through life

  Optimisation process creating it: SL and RL relying on biological rewards

  • Biological rewards + SL and RL ⇒ Learned values in the brain

  Flexible in term of years

  Medium generalization power

  • Physical scope: We learn to care for even in case where we are not involved (our close circle)

  • Temporal scope: We learn to feel emotions about the future and the past

  • Similarity scope: We learn to feel emotions for other kind of beings

  Called intuitions, feelings

  Shard theory may be explaining only this part

  3) (optional) The chosen values:

  Decided upon reflection

  Optimisation process creating it: Thinking relying on the brain

  • Learned values in the brain + Thinking ⇒ Chosen values “on paper” | “in ideas”

  Flexible in term of minutes

  Can have up to very high generalization power

  • Physical scope: We can chose to care without limits of distances in space

  • Temporal scope: We can chose to care without limits of distances in time

  • Similarity scope: We can chose to care without limits in term of similarity to us

  Called values, moral values

  Why a 3rd level was created?

  In short, to get more utility OOD.

  A bit more details:

  Because we want to design policies far OOD (out of our space of lived experiences). To do that, we know that we need to have a value function|reward model|utility function that generalizes very far. Thanks to this chosen general reward function, we can plan and try to reach a desired outcome far OOD. After reaching it, we will update our learned utility function (lvl 2).

  Thanks to lvl 3, we can design public policies, dedicate our life to exploring the path towards a larger reward that will never be observed in our lifetime.

  One impact of the 3 levels hierarchy:

  This could explain why most philosophers can support scope sensitive values but never act on them.

• Maxime Riché 29 Nov 2022 13:30 UTC

  2 points

  1

  on: The Sin­gu­lar Value De­com­po­si­tions of Trans­former Weight Ma­tri­ces are Highly Interpretable

  Should we expect these decompositions to be even more interpretable if the model was trained to output a prediction as soon as possible? (After any block, instead of outputting the prediction after the full network)

• Maxime Riché 31 Dec 2022 15:24 UTC

  3 points

  0

  in reply to: noggin-scratcher’s comment on: Hu­man sex­u­al­ity as an in­ter­est­ing case study of alignment

  We see a lot of people die, in the reality, fictions and dreams.

  We also see a lot of people having sex or sexual desire in fictions or dreams before experiencing it.

  IDK how strong this is a counter argument to how powerful the alignment in us is. Maybe a biological reward system + imitation+ fiction and later dreams is simply what is at play in humans.

• Maxime Riché 24 Jan 2023 17:59 UTC

  4 points

  0

  on: Gra­di­ent hack­ing is ex­tremely difficult

  What about the impact of dropout (parameters, layers), normalisation (batch, layer) (with a batch containing several episodes), asynchronous distributed data collection (making batch aggregation more stochastic), weight decay (impacting any weight), multi-agent RL training with independent agents, etc.
  And other possible stuff that don’t exist at the moment: online pruning and growth while training, population training where the gradient hackers are exploited.
  
  Shouldn’t that naively make gradient hacking very hard?

• Maxime Riché 6 Mar 2023 13:42 UTC

  2 points

  1

  in reply to: Carolus’s comment on: The Waluigi Effect (mega-post)

  Indeed, empirical results show that filtering the data, helps quite well in aligning with some preferences: Pretraining Language Models with Human Preferences

• Maxime Riché 6 Mar 2023 15:14 UTC

  1 point

  0

  on: The Waluigi Effect (mega-post)

  Maybe the use of prompt suffixes can do a great deal to decrease the probability chatbots turning into Waluigi. See the “insert” functionality of OpenAI API https://​​openai.com/​​blog/​​gpt-3-edit-insert
  Chatbots developers could use suffix prompts in addition to prefix prompts to make it less likely to fall into a Waluigi completion.
  

• Maxime Riché 22 Mar 2023 22:09 UTC

  1 point

  on: Database of ex­is­ten­tial risk estimates

  Do you also have estimates of the fraction of resources in our light cone that we expect to be used to create optimised good stuff?