Consider The Hand Axe
A long time ago, some primitive apes got addicted to rocks.
The earliest stone tools were crude bastards, made by smashing large river pebbles together and calling it a day.
Stone choppers like the one above took the prehistoric neighborhood by storm almost 3 million years ago. However dull the tools themselves may have been, this was the cutting-edge technology for literally more than a million years, a timescale I have no capacity of comprehending. Not until around 1.7 million years ago (again, no idea what this means) that someone got the bright idea of chipping away both sides of a rock. You can see what the (tedious) process looks like.
The end result is the unassuming tear-drop shaped hand axe, by far the longest used tool in human history. There are no accessories here with the hand axe, its name comes from the fact that you use it by holding it directly with your hands:
On top of being tedious and painful to make, you can imagine that it’s not terribly comfortable to hold while using. Hand axes also have to be somewhat bulky because of the necessity of combining the sharp useful end with the blunt holding end. But what if — stay with me for a second — instead of holding the thing directly with our pathetic squishy hands, we held something that “handled” the tool for us? It took humans about another million years to discover hafting, with the earliest examples from around 500,000 years ago but the technique didn’t really find its stride until the microlith era of stone tools around 35,000 years ago.
Then humans found metal.
“Technological advance is an inherently iterative process. One does not simply take sand from the beach and produce a Dataprobe. We use crude tools to fashion better tools, and then our better tools to fashion more precise tools, and so on. Each minor refinement is a step in the process, and all of the steps must be taken.”
– Chairman Sheng-ji Yang, “Looking God in the Eye”
The historian Bret Devereaux has an excellent and highly-recommended series on the history of iron. The popular depiction of iron being a rare commodity (typified within medieval and fantasy genre) obscures some of the reality. As a material, iron is extremely abundant — the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust, making up 5% of its mass. The hurdle with iron wasn’t finding it but rather getting it out of the ground and into a useable form. It required a lot of dead trees and broken shins. One of the illustrations Devereaux cited is from 1556, and shows how workers wore shin protection as they crushed the ore into useable chunks:
Think about how many mangled limbs had to accumulate before medieval OSHA cared enough about this hazard. After the ore is dug out of the ground, the next hurdle was figuring out how to reach the high temperatures needed for processing. Because of how finicky iron is about absorbing too much carbon, the only feasible avenue was charcoal, which is made from wood, which is cut from many many trees. As Devereaux notes:
To put that in some perspective, a Roman legion (roughly 5,000 men) in the Late Republic might have carried into battle around 44,000kg (c. 48.5 tons) of iron – not counting pots, fittings, picks, shovels and other tools we know they used. That iron equipment in turn might represent the mining of around 541,200kg (c. 600 tons) of ore, smelted with 642,400kg (c. 710 tons) of charcoal, made from 4,620,000kg (c. 5,100 tons) of wood. Cutting the wood and making the charcoal alone, from our figures above, might represent something like (I am assuming our charcoal-burners are working in teams) 80,000 man-days of labor. For one legion.
To understate it, much has changed since. A stainless steel spoon today is a trivially manufactured artifact. But just the material from that spoon would have represented thousands of times its weight in stone and tree, all excavated by hand. I think about what this spoon, held in the palm of my hand, would have previously cost in terms of human toil and crushed limbs.
This post is about AI.
I feel like I’m holding a hand axe right now, while everyone around me is revving up their chainsaws. I feel like I’m a peasant awestruck at the intricacies of a steel spoon, unaware of its bargain bin progeny.
It’s difficult, and exhausting, to keep up with the pace of AI developments. I also question my ability to make any sort of concrete or realistic predictions in this field, so I’ll try to keep it semi-grounded in the present.
What already seems evident is that, even if we assume a complete halt to any further developments, content creation is already utterly trivialized. Do you want a picture of a cat riding a unicycle while smoking a hookah? Here’s 50. Do you want those same drawings but done as if Picasso was tripping out on LSD? Done. Do you want the script from an 80-episode television series involving these psychedelic Picasso unicycle cats as they work to solve a murder mystery on a cruise ship in a black hole? And you want each cat voiced by a different rap artist from Kanye West to DMX? Why not also make it a choose-your-own adventure series controlled by each viewer? Sure, whatever, done. Some of these require a little work to stitch together, but you can have it all.
Part of where my feelings are settling are a bizarre mix of trepidation, ennui, fatigue, and…excitement? I’m not the only one to ever experience mild frustration that a given movie, TV show, book, video game, etc. wasn’t exactly just right, and if only the creators changed this one thing that would’ve been so much better.
I encounter this feeling constantly with video games and for that same reason I tend to gravitate towards extensively modifying big-budget video games to my liking with mods. For a period of time, I definitely sunk in more hours finding, installing, and configuring Skyrim mods than actually playing the game itself. This was only possible because other people were insane enough to pop the hood open and get their hands dirty. If I wanted cold weather survival elements added to Skyrim, I was lucky enough that someone else had the gumption to analyze the game files, draft up pseudo-scripts, and collect custom-made assets into a coherent package that actually worked.
I also appreciate the esoterism of open-source oeuvres made entirely by coding hobbyists, like the suburban apocalypse simulator Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead. Cataclysm is a jury-rigged amalgamation, cobbled together over the years by dozens of drive-by developers. Some aspects of the game are painfully undercooked, such as the lack of any real ending, while others are pathologically overdeveloped, such as the ridiculously intricate vehicle physics system which manages to accurately simulate drag resistance in a game where no one will ever know the difference. The only reason there’s any progress made on these projects is because there are enough enthusiasts roaming around with actual coding talent, but they’ll only chase after their own whims and then move on. Anyone else with ideas either has to convince one of these sensei to take up their cause, or drudge through hours of coding tutorials on YouTube to ever stand a chance. Lots of fields stay fallow then.
Outside of play and in the realm of work, much of my time is chasing after tedium. A few tasks manage to reliably trigger my procrastination reflex with the main one being legal research and writing. Let’s say I’m trying to have incriminating statements or evidence suppressed. If the scenario is even slightly interesting, I am not likely to find a case precedent within my jurisdiction that is perfectly on point. Instead, I dump a few search terms into a legal database and then spend hours with dozens of tabs open, dutifully reviewing each hoping I can find enough adjacent precedent to triangulate into an answer into my own case. Judicial opinions are almost never written in a uniform manner, so I often find myself realizing a given case is worthless only after already wasting several minutes reviewing it. After all that research, I have to synthesize it into something legally accurate without boring the overworked judge to death.
It’s all tedious boring work. It’s also a perfect use-case scenario for chatGPT because it would be trivial for me to just ask it to quickly find and summarize whatever is analogous to what I’m looking for, then write something custom-tailored. The day that Westlaw incorporates chatGPT is the day that Thomson Reuters will become a pseudo-branch of the Treasury Department, for its ability to just print money from the legal profession. To be clear, my concern here is not job loss. I imagine that with greater productivity comes greater expectations, especially with AI helpers at our side.
I wonder, why bother with any of it now?
On the consumption side, whatever game I choose to play now will only get way better in a few months as I’m able to trivially customize it to my mind’s whim. Same with whatever television show, or movie, or book. Or existence.
On the production side there’s so much more I want to write but I also wonder, why bother writing anything if it’s just going to be swallowed up whole and incorporated into the labyrinthian halls of a Borges infinite library. Realistically the only effect this post will ultimately leave upon the world is a faint whisper of an errant memory. The rest will either be carved up into individual tokens or buried under a figurative mountain of indecipherable pages. I see the entire corpus of mankind’s creative output as a tiny ship, a gnat really, about to swallowed by a towering ocean wave. Part of me just wants to sit and wait for the flood.
I wrote this entire post without chatGPT, to prove something I guess. It took hours. I had to look up some new concepts, read enough to understand them, revisit old essays I read, and review them to refresh my memory. After all that, I had to use my dumb fingers to tap buttons on my dumb keyboard, over and over again.
I’m the idiot holding the hand axe. I’m the imbecile mangling my shins with rock debris. Why bother?
Because no matter how obsolete hand axes or hand-forged iron spoons, or hand-built CPUs are, it’s still cool to make one yourself.
True enough. Made me think about this anime from a couple seasons ago, “Do It Yourself!”. It’s a typical cute girls doing cute things setup (in this case, making furniture and handmade jewelry), but it has a nice thematic undercurrent in how it portrays a world that’s more automated than ours, there’s casual discussions of AI and Singularity and one character decrying manual labour as obsolete, but the ethos of it all is “actually sometimes working to make stuff is just fun!”.
This was a beautifully written essay, thank you. You’re quite skilled with your hand axe.
It took evolution about another million years to build a hominid that can discover hafting
I think this actually a really important point—there was a regime change somewhere in this “tool optimization” process in which the bulk of the optimization was being done by the humans and not evolution. Whereas for AI, no such regime changes exist, the optimizers themselves are’t being optimized.
So maybe we should be more careful about what specific optimization processes we use to anchor our thoughts about AI developement, seems like similar kinds of regime changes might occur in some other natural processes that won’t show up in AI.
Yes, very true, and I like calling it a regime change. As I was researching stone tools, I came across several mentions about mankind’s increasing cognitive capacity and how crucial it was to advance the technology. Once the evolutionary brain-size foundation was set, the jet fuel that powered the next few thousand years of technological advancement was almost entirely capital accumulation and societal technology.
typo
thx
Np! Do you think you could remove my two typo comments? It seems I can only retract them
I enjoyed this and thank you for writing it. Ultimately, the only real reason to do this is for your own enjoyment or perhaps those of friends (and random people on the internet).
Typo: I think a “be” is missing, as in “be swallowed”.
Anyway, thanks for the nicely written post! I think I’ve had a similar feeling lately. If we’re getting surpassed by machines in every intellectual task, maybe the only thing left to do is… just enjoy life for its own sake?
Actually, AI dominates chess, yet humans still enjoy playing it. I’d say that’s because the fun is in interacting with other people, rather than in beating the game. Could it be the same for writing?
Thank you for the post. A creative and substantive contribution from your world to mine.
We humans each have a different incredibly complex experience of the world. However, we can share a slice of this experience that maps onto another person’s experience through music, art, or language. This seems innately beautiful.
I know this doesn’t help much if you are losing your job to emerging ai capabilities.
But I guess my point is human creativity will always be more inherently valuable because it is generated from the messy, tragic, delightful, monotonous, thrilling experience of being a human, rather than a simple optimization function meant to mimic humans.
So basically, don’t give up.
Thanks for writing this. I suppose the same could be said about any tool that you have suspicions might be inferior to another on the horizon in your lifetime. As quanticle said, some romance around self-crafting could support the psychological value of the labor. More importantly, I think there are in fact qualia pertinent to our quality evaluations that leave AI productions inferior in important ways than human work...currently. That gap will attenuate and we’ll hone our models to be better at producing in a wider spectrum of areas, too.
However, I don’t think it’s a foregone conclusion that no gap will remain. When the world of bits can’t quite recreate the world of atoms (efficiently), there will be a place for human labors (okay, even the boundaries for this are subject to change too but bear with me) - think of handwriting. What a pain! The tool has been replaced with word processing and printing for many written documents. But when I want to send a thank-you to a big client, printing just can’t recreate my ink-on-paper signature. An autopen could, but again it’s not at the level of efficiency where it is worth the widespread adoption that would snuff out human labor in that space.
By the way, I wonder if you took your inspiration and general plan for this essay, turned it into a prompt, and gave it to chatGPT, what it would produce (maybe there could be some honing of that by a prompt engineer, but whatever). To be fair, you could let chatGPT rewrite it a few times with edits like you would have done for yourself. I suspect it would not write as good of a post—that’s a good enough reason to bother doing it yourself.
(Also because the prompt to write with the style of a specific person only works when you have enough online content in the training data. So if you want a unique style, you need to write a lot before you can outsource. LOL)
True, I imagine some rituals and gestures will remain precisely because they are inefficient. I already use chatGPT as a pseudo editor and thesaurus, and as I was writing the above I kept feeling the familiar tug to just open the tab and have the robot do it. It’s such a huge labor-saving device on that front. I think I felt a sense of pride and attachment to (Allah forgive me) “artisanal” writing. My day job is as a public defender and my writing is on the side. I’ve had ideations of writing a book and I’m flabbergasted as to how anyone today finds the time. Now with infinite text generators living among us, “I wrote a book!” feels markedly less impressive. Maybe come back when you’ve written several dozen? It’s vain, absolutely, but there is a sense of achievement that is worth cherishing, and while we remain in this in-between phase the message will also remain muddled.
Tools, and the environment more generally, are continuously co-modifying its users and inhabitants.
Sounds like Venkat Rao’s When Tools Shape You.