sarahconstantin

Karma: 9,084

sarahconstantin 19 Dec 2025 21:03 UTC
5 points
0
in reply to: Karl Krueger’s comment on: Karl Krueger’s Shortform
It’s also surprising to me! 10 years ago I was convinced by the case made by a (now out of business) self driving truck company that long-haul trucking is a technically easier problem than city driving. That doesn’t seem to have mattered, and I don’t know why.

sarahconstantin 19 Dec 2025 21:01 UTC
9 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 12/19/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/12-19-2025
- https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.16856 Seb Krier thinks about what AI safety would look like in a polycentric world of different AI agents interacting in markets
- https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/09/23/1123897/ai-models-are-using-material-from-retracted-scientific-papers/ AI research tools include retracted papers; it’s going to be important to evaluate paper quality and rule out or clearly label “bad” papers.
- https://www.statnews.com/2023/09/30/weight-loss-ozempic-nobel-prize-science/ story of GLP-1 discovery
  - more story: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2415550121
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12022 the GPQA AI benchmark
- https://www.futurehouse.org/research-announcements/hle-exam the Humanity’s Last Exam benchmark has a bunch of wrong answers
- https://www.futurehouse.org/research-announcements/demonstrating-end-to-end-scientific-discovery-with-robin-a-multi-agent-system how FutureHouse did “end to end scientific discovery” guided by a lit review AI tool
- https://www.mackenziemorehead.com/what-to-do-if-energy-gets-cheap/ analysis of trends in solar and other forms of energy
- https://github.com/sarah-quinones/faer-rs apparently there’s now a Rust-based BLAS/LAPACK competitor
- https://www.nmccarty.com/p/this-openai-wet-lab-blog-is-actually Nico McCarty reviewss OpenAI’s report of an AI-optimized molecular biology protocol

sarahconstantin 18 Dec 2025 10:38 UTC
4 points
0
in reply to: lillybaeum’s comment on: Measuring Drug Target Success
As I’ve said before, there’s an automatic link between LW and my substack, so every time i make a paid post, it shows up here. Happy to take it down or put up a free version, whatever the mods prefer.

Measuring Drug Target Success

sarahconstantin16 Dec 2025 21:00 UTC

19 points

3 comments2 min readLW link

(sarahconstantin.substack.com)

sarahconstantin 11 Dec 2025 19:43 UTC
2 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 12/11/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/12-11-2025
- example of AI report, evaluating preclinical validation of a drug target:
  - https://elicit.com/review/824f5bb9-bc8e-4c06-b277-a8c342b19bbd
- https://www.macroscience.org/p/to-get-more-effective-drugs-we-need Ruxandra Tesloianu and Jack Scannell make the case for clinical trial reform; I couldn’t agree more
- https://astera.org/neuroscientist-doris-tsao-joins-astera-to-lead-its-new-neuroscience-program/ Astera is doing neuro now. consciousness is a focus.
- https://www.averi.org/ Miles Brundage’s new AI safety verification org

sarahconstantin 11 Dec 2025 19:26 UTC
7 points
0
on: Eliezer’s Unteachable Methods of Sanity
I liked your account of:
looking in the internal direction of your motor plans, and writing into your pending motor plan the image of you getting out of bed in a few moments, and then letting that image get sent to motor output and happen.
I do a similar sort of thing myself sometimes, and similarly do not think it is the same as predictive processing theory, which I don’t believe in for several reasons.
I would call that “visualization”, and I’d say that it’s not hyperstition/woo because it’s not believing in a prediction, it’s forming a plan. (Except that the actually-effective way of forming a plan, the kind you’ll actually be significantly more likely to do than most “plans”, involves vividly simulating the actions you’re going to take.)
A part of this technique involves being really honest with yourself about whether you have any intention of doing the thing, and if you don’t, don’t even try to do the visualization exercise. You have to be able to feel the difference between “yeah I’m gonna do it” and “nope, don’t want to.”
So to the particular goal here, I have rarely ever seriously held an intention to be “sane”, to “cope well,” or to “avoid drama”. to the extent that I have seriously wanted to be a bit better on that axis, I succeeded. It’s not quite as simple as “anyone can do it just by wanting to”, but rather “if you don’t want to, it will definitely not happen, and at least some people, n=1, don’t particularly want to.”

sarahconstantin 9 Dec 2025 17:45 UTC
2 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 12/9/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/12-09-2025
- https://www.gleech.org/erect did walking erect lead to human intelligence?
  - he doesn’t seem to be aware that “behavioral modernity” is looking a lot older than 40,000 years ago
- https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/48417/high-windows I still can’t tell whether he’s in favor or against the “long slide”
- https://www.mcsweeneys.net/articles/the-new-yorkers-isaac-chotiner-interviews-santa-claus

sarahconstantin 3 Dec 2025 20:57 UTC
5 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 12/3/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/12-03-2025
- https://covalent.bio/ AI-based life science data extraction
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)
- https://blog.spec.tech/p/150x donate to SpecTech!
- https://nonv.substack.com/p/what-is-yimby-for-healthcare some suggestions on what “abundance for healthcare” would look like: ending certificate of need laws, making state regulations compatible, removing tax and nonprofit advantages that give preference to incumbent hospitals, reforming laws that prevent data sharing and compensation between medical systems

sarahconstantin 2 Dec 2025 16:23 UTC
5 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 12/2/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/12-02-2025
- https://blog.spec.tech/p/beck-brachmans-quest-to-decode-the profile of Beck Brachman of the Imprint project to measure immune repertoire
- https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2025/12/seb-krier.html Seb Krier on AI
- https://reason.com/2025/12/01/hegseths-alleged-order-to-kill-everybody-complicates-trumps-defense-of-his-murderous-anti-drug-campaign/
  - you cannot just kill people, even if you are the government. if they’re criminals, they need to be arrested and charged with a crime. if they are enemy combatants, it’s a war crime to kill survivors clinging to a wreck. (I am not a lawyer but the article quotes several.)
- https://www.zo.computer/
- https://aiwatch.issarice.com/ people in the AI safety space
- https://www.hyperdimensional.co/p/heiliger-dankgesang Dean Ball on Claude Opus 4.5. [
- https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/vpNG99GhbBoLov9og/claude-4-5-opus-soul-document the Claude Opus 4.5 “soul document” is remarkably good.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12089086/ this is probably nothing (n = 19) but claims creatine improves measures of cognition in Alzheimer’s
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Oversteegen
  - “The Oversteegens and Schaft also killed German soldiers, with Freddie being the first of the girls to kill a soldier by shooting him while riding her bicycle. They also lured soldiers to the woods under the pretense of a romantic overture and then killed them. Oversteegen would approach the soldiers in taverns and bars and ask them to “go for a stroll” in the forest.
- https://worksinprogress.co/issue/the-logical-triumph-of-english/ an article about sentence complexity that doesn’t look into recursive depth? booo.
- https://thezvi.substack.com/p/the-big-nonprofits-post-2025 Zvi Mowshowitz evaluates nonprofits, mostly AI related
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_typing
  - “With duck typing, an object is of a given type if it has all methods and properties required by that type”
    the main difference from nominative typing seems to be that if you define two types with the same structure, they will be interchangeable.
    what happens more often—this property coming in handy, or this property biting you in the butt?
- https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/pdaGN6pQyQarFHXF4/reward-is-not-the-optimization-target “reward” in the RL sense is not the same as things a person subjectively finds “rewarding”. Reward is what shapes your strategy; within a strategy, you don’t need to be aware of it as a thing and seek out that thing.
- https://www.construction-physics.com/p/how-a-government-think-tank-trained after WWII, the RAND corporation hired and trained the first large-scale body of computer programmers, to use SAGE to coordinate radar.
- https://www.owlposting.com/p/bringing-organ-scale-cryopreservation more detail on how Until’s cryopreservation works

Making Sense of Consciousness Part 8: Summing Up

sarahconstantin26 Nov 2025 18:50 UTC

16 points

0 comments8 min readLW link

(sarahconstantin.substack.com)

Making Sense of Consciousness Part 7: Volition

sarahconstantin24 Nov 2025 23:00 UTC

11 points

0 comments10 min readLW link

(sarahconstantin.substack.com)

sarahconstantin 24 Nov 2025 16:54 UTC
2 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 11/24/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/11-24-2025
- https://writetobrain.com/olfactory induced smells with transcranial ultrasound
- https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673859v1.full.pdf looks like bad news for the “it’s the macrophages, stupid” hypothesis; put aged microglia in young brains and they look like young ones, put young microglia in aged brains and they look like old ones (transcriptionally and morphologically.)
  - it may be “the NK cells, stupid”? if you deplete NK cells from the cerebellum, cerebellar microglia don’t get the characteristic age-related interferon signaling.
- https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/apHWSGDiydv3ivmg6/varieties-of-doom JD Pressman explains what he actually thinks will happen with AI
- https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/LaWmoy4s2DLe9u2zq/llm-chatbots-have-half-of-the-kinds-of-consciousness-that Andrew Critch is confident that chatbots introspect, have purposes, have awareness of awareness and perception of perception and memory of memory, have symbol grounding, etc.
  - i confidently disagree, but it would be hard to prove it.
- https://www.untillabs.com/blog/glass-not-ice Until lays out how they intend to improve vitrification for reversible organ preservation (and ultimately preserving whole people).
  - i’d need a lot more physics/chemistry knowledge to have much sense of how feasible this is.

sarahconstantin 19 Nov 2025 18:13 UTC
2 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 11/19/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/11-19-2025
- https://lettersfrombethlehem.substack.com/p/glp-1s-add-satiety-they-dont-suppress personal experience on GLP-1 drugs
  - also, wow, having a satiety problem seems awful
- https://www.dwarkesh.com/p/bits-per-sample Dwarkesh Patel explains why reinforcement learning is so compute and data intensive relative to pretraining
- https://stefangolas.substack.com/p/what-happened-to-cloud-labs skeptical take on lab automation
- https://www.renaissancephilanthropy.org/mathbench-towards-evaluating-natural-language-proofs an AI benchmark for natural language proofs
- https://attentionalleadership.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Cognitive-Techniques-for-Building-Confidence-and-Enhancing-Performance.-Zinsser.-Bunker.-Williams..pdf athletes use positive visualization to improve performance
- https://www.sog.unc.edu/sites/default/files/course_materials/3.0-Eight%20Behaviors%20for%20Smarter%20Teams%20%26%20Approaches%20%28Tues%29.pdf “eight behaviors for smarter teams” Roger Schwarz on workplace communication
- https://www.corememory.com/p/exclusive-a-bold-new-bid-to-control-genome-generalcontrol [[Lada Nuzhna]] has a company based on a CRISPR variant for multiplex epigenetic editing. they’re going after obesity, sarcopenia, and fibrosis, and they have a Novo Nordisk partnership.

sarahconstantin 14 Nov 2025 20:12 UTC
6 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 11/14/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/11-14-2025
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzi was named after a guy named Uzi!
- https://themultiplicity.ai/ compare multiple models
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Yong author of wuxia adventure novels in the 1960s that are apparently hugely popular and influential in China
- https://web.archive.org/web/20131017212859/http://www.lunalindsey.com/2013/10/splines-theory-spoons-metaphor-for.html autism makes task switching hard
- https://jobs.ashbyhq.com/episteme yeah this looks like brain emulation. (the quantum physics bit may be a separate project.)
- https://www.computerworld.com/article/1702433/i-m-ok-the-bull-is-dead.html classic on communication
- https://cutlefish.substack.com/p/20-things-ive-learned-as-a-systems guilty as charged

sarahconstantin 11 Nov 2025 15:54 UTC
4 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 11/11/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/11-11-2025
- https://www.corememory.com/p/exclusive-altman-and-masa-back-episteme-louis-andre Episteme, Sam Altman-funded “new Bell Labs” for science. sounds potentially exciting.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas the name “Texas” comes from a Caddo word for “friends”
- https://machinephase.systems/ these people say they want to build true molecular nanotechnology
- https://yiddishsongs.org/rozhinkes-mit-mandlen/ it’s a touching lullaby about...hoping your kid will go into the import-export business. also railroads.
- https://sproutstack.substack.com/p/is-mike-wazowski-jewish-or-polish my vote is for Polish
- https://lettersfrombethlehem.substack.com/p/i-was-born-with-a-defective-brain personal account of a brain malformation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_sequence you can do a bunch of real analysis from a constructivist approach.

sarahconstantin 5 Nov 2025 19:06 UTC
12 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 11/05/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/11-05-2025
- https://www.thirdoikos.com/p/life-in-the-third-oikos-jesse-genet description of daily life for an entrepreneur turned homeschool mom, interview by Nicole Ruiz
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumash_people they’re still around!
- https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/02/arts/television/maria-riva-dead.html?unlocked_article_code=1.yU8.uFZP.tjEhyXyNasNz&smid=url-share Maria Riva, Marlene Dietrich’s daughter, had a rough time growing up
- https://builders.genagorlin.com/p/the-hidden-belief-that-kills-great by Gena Gorlin, if you don’t have high standards for employees it might because you’re misanthropic, aka you secretly believe “everyone sucks except me” and must be accommodated.
- https://transluce.org/ AI interpretability org

sarahconstantin 4 Nov 2025 17:15 UTC
8 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 11/4/2025: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/11-04-2025
- https://thenewfrontier.substack.com/p/unintuitive-things-about-impact-philanthropy This is exactly what it’s like.
- https://oldenlabs.com/ once again someone is trying to do smart cages for animal research. I want somebody to win here.
  - Animal research is so, so, so low-quality, especially when it’s not IND-enabling. It costs less to mistreat your mice. And to have too few mice, so your studies are underpowered. And to cut corners on experimental method & disease-model validation in every way. Without the FDA breathing down their necks as tightly as they do for human clinical trials, scientists and their funders do not shell out the cash or spend the time to do animal experiments right.
  - Animal welfare and scientific integrity are extremely aligned here. And if you can get the cost of high-quality animal husbandry down (with automation or any other means), we might start to get “we cured cancer [IN MICE]” to be less bullshit.
- https://substack.com/@foxchapelresearch/p-177604037 skeptical post criticizing Substrate. I’m skeptical of the skepticism.
  - he says “the founder is a known con artist” and describes his former sleep tracker startup Hello as a “scam”. This is a giant abuse of language. Hello, it seems, built a product that was poorly reviewed in the tech-skeptical press, took a long time and a lot of VC funding to ship hardware, and ultimately fizzled. That is what we call a “failed startup.” Not a crime.
    Hello was also incorrectly described as James Proud’s “last project.” In fact, in 2020 he founded Config, a hardware design software company. This is substantially more relevant to his transition into the semiconductor industry.
  - The author claims that Substrate’s images are suggestive that they’re using maskless lithography, which indeed allows for smaller feature sizes, but is not used at scale for semiconductor fabrication because it’s too slow. The argument is essentially that Substrate only gets their small feature sizes by using a method that the semiconductor industry has already rejected for good reason.
    BUT:
    actually maskless lithography is used in the industry, for things like rapid prototyping and making masks. it would be classic “disruptive innovation” for a company to specialize in a new (x-ray-based, in this case) maskless method for these “minor” applications, and then figure out a way to transition to the “major” application of mass production of leading-edge semiconductor chips.
    “you say you compete with the juggernaut monopoly, but today you only outperform them on this narrow use case” is the story of SO MANY SUCCESSFUL COMPANIES that left the monopoly in the dust.

sarahconstantin 3 Nov 2025 16:42 UTC
2 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 11/3/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/11-03-2025
- https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/cardiovascular-intensive-care/Chapter-642/ecmo-circuit-configurations probably only of practical interest if you work on an ICU, but there’s some dark humor as well
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_tea originally invented in Taiwan in the 1980s; became popular throughout East Asia before taking off in the US
- https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/why-bidens-white-house-press-secretary-is-leaving-the-democratic-party Karine Jean-Pierre gets the Chotiner treatment. Nice schadenfreude.
- https://news.mit.edu/2025/your-brain-without-sleep-1029 the glymphatic hypothesis of sleep strikes again; attention lapses during sleep deprivation coincide with CSF flushing

sarahconstantin 30 Oct 2025 21:34 UTC
2 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 10/30/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/10-30-2025
- https://substrate.com/our-purpose
  - Substrate is using x-ray lithography instead of EUV. but i thought XRL was a dead end because it’s ionizing radiation that can blur features by damaging the mask or the substrate. last i looked it up, minimum XRL feature size was 30 nm, worse than EUV’s state of the art ~16-18 nm gate length for a “3 nm node”.
  - so what’s going on?
- https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/how-to-kill-2-monopolies-with-1-tool Substrate is reporting 12 nm features and 0.25 nm CDU (a function of feature variability, typically like 3 standard deviations). so this is a claim of substantial improvement over SOTA.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source when you run electrons real fast in a circle they emit very bright, very coherent x-rays. this is what Substrate is doing. there might be something about the coherence or the intensity that helps with blur? but the details are a trade secret and Substrate isn’t saying.
- https://www.epistemic.garden/ Twitter analysis tools
- https://www.owlposting.com/p/there-arent-enough-smart-people-in once again, it is not “boring” to work on repurposing (best biotech approach EVAR if you want to specialize in computational vs. laboratory capabilities) or CROs (if you want to improve on SOTA of experimental or manufacturing technology, and build a business around that, it is much harder to do that within a biotech startup that also needs to build a pipeline, than to specialize in experiments or manufacturing as services)
- https://builders.genagorlin.com/p/reflections-upon-turning-40 probably helpful to do a timeline of your life and the milestones in it, as seen in this post. it’s kind of a trip to see just how *many* things i’ve tried in life by age 37, and how like...20% at best? were unqualified successes.
- https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1ljeg4e/women_of_reddit_whats_something_they_never_tell/ most of these are very common pregnancy experiences that I also had.
- on readiness potentials and volition in neuroscience
  - https://socsci3.tau.ac.il/rmukamel/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Neural-correlates-of-intention_book.pdf
  - https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/fulltext/S1364-6613(21)00093-0
  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168010215000309 [[Parkinson’s]] patients show delays in W-time (they don’t notice having decided to move until right before they do)
  - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2024/05/01/2024.05.01.592070.full.pdf pupil dilation tracks and precedes self-reported intention to move?
  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393215300786 readiness potentials in phantom limbs look just like they do in actual limbs with real movements
  - https://www.academia.edu/32463447/Do_meditators_have_higher_awareness_of_their_intentions_to_act not sure i agree with the interpretation here; looks more like “nonmeditators show different brain activity between voluntary movement tasks when asked to introspect vs not; meditators’ brain activity looks like the activity for the non-introspection case in both tasks”
- could direct lithium brine extraction get cheaper?
  - yes, with new adsorbent materials https://newatlas.com/energy/volt-low-cost-lithium-extraction/
  - or with new membrane materials https://www.greyb.com/blog/membrane-based-lithium-extraction/
  - https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/79178.pdf this is already priced into NREL’s techno-economic analysis; this document projects scale-up of various technologies that are currently benchtop or pilot scale.
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03057-9 6 distinct “biotypes” of depression based on fMRI clustering; show different symptom patterns and patterns of performance on cognitive tests, and different responses to treatment.
  - this seems pretty rigorous
  - otoh i wish there were characteristic “types of depression” that were more recognizable on the symptom/behavioral level, such that a therapist or psychiatrist could make a guess as to which type a person might be. this isn’t that.
    old-school “melancholic depression is when you don’t eat, don’t sleep, frown super deeply and wring your hands, have intense guilt, and have high cortisol” would be an example of a much more stereotype-able depression subtype, the kind that’s more useful in practice than any of the 6 “biotypes”.

sarahconstantin 23 Oct 2025 19:56 UTC
6 points
0
on: sarahconstantin’s Shortform
links 10/23/25: https://roamresearch.com/#/app/srcpublic/page/10-23-2025
- https://www.betonit.ai/p/the-anti-intellectual-university
  - Sure, I respect the integrity of standing by your work and your student, and I have no opinion on the correctness of the work, but I can’t stand this contrary streak in Bryan Caplan. If you say straight out “I don’t care if I make people mad”, then you make ME mad!
- https://www.dwarkesh.com/p/thoughts-on-the-ai-buildout
  - Dwarkesh Patel predicts the AI buildout. There’s a lot of money in it. Maybe so much money that it can overwhelm regulatory barriers and ordinary incompetence, and lead to a nontrivial increase in electricity generation??? I can’t imagine this actually happening, but it is a lot of money.
- https://vividvoid.substack.com/p/how-to-fight-your-family
  - if I’m going to “fight” my family, i’m going to fight foolishly and insanely. if i have self-control, why am i fighting at all?
- https://writing.antonleicht.me/p/dont-build-an-ai-safety-movement
  - again, i don’t get it. it would be no great loss if all chatbots were banned. and I’m x-risk skeptical and very anti-regulation in general and a power user of LLMs. It’s just that this is a technology we can live without, because we did live without it five years ago! it’s mostly used for dumb memes and cheating on homework! Banning AI is technically against my principles, but I’d miss it barely more than I’d miss the legal sports betting apps I don’t use.
- https://quintinfrerichs.xyz/human-enhancement-companies very intriguing
- papers related to (perceived) volition and the decision to move:
  - https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(10)01082-2?innerTabvideo-abstract_mmc3= certain neurons in the medial frontal cortex increase their firing rate prior to the decision to move, peaking at “W-time”, the point where people report making the decision to move (about 200 ms before actual movement)
  - https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1160 damage to the parietal cortex makes people report “w-time” later, close to the actual movement
  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1388245723005953 patients with tic disorders mostly report making a “decision” to move prior to moving, same as healthy subjects. no significant differences between W and M times.
  - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10330627/ summary of various experiments on W time
  - https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1523226113 the “readiness potential” does not represent a final decision to move; people can “cancel” the movement later, going up to but not beyond W-time. in other words, the time at which people actually make the final decision whether or not to move is pretty much the time at which they report deciding to move.

sarahconstantin

Mea­sur­ing Drug Tar­get Success

Mak­ing Sense of Con­scious­ness Part 8: Sum­ming Up

Mak­ing Sense of Con­scious­ness Part 7: Volition

Measuring Drug Target Success

Making Sense of Consciousness Part 8: Summing Up

Making Sense of Consciousness Part 7: Volition