AndreInfante

Karma: 93

AndreInfante 16 Oct 2015 7:53 UTC
4 points
0
on: Vegetarianism Ideological Turing Test Results
According to the PM I got, I had the most credible vegetarian entry, and it was ranked as much more credible than my actual (meat-eating) beliefs. I’m not sure how I feel about that.

AndreInfante 19 Sep 2015 8:00 UTC
4 points
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in reply to: V_V’s comment on: MIT Technology Review—Michael Hendricks opinion on Cryonics
I feel like the dog brain studies are at least fairly strong evidence that quite a bit of information is preserved. The absence of an independent validation is largely down to the poor mainstream perception of cryonics. It’s not that Alcor is campaigning to cover up contrary studies—it’s that nobody cares enough to do them. Vis-a-vis the use of dogs, there actually aren’t that many animals with comparable brain volume to humans. I mean, if you want to find an IRB that’ll let you decorticate a giraffe, be my guest. Dogs are a decent analog, under the circumstances. They’re not so much smaller you’d expect drastically different results.

In any case, if this guy wants to claim that cryonics doesn’t preserve fine-grained brain detail, he can do the experiment and prove it. You can’t just point at a study you don’t like and shout ‘the authors might be biased’ and thus refute its claim. You need to be able to provide either serious methodological flaws, or an actual failure to replicate.

AndreInfante 16 Sep 2015 19:55 UTC
7 points
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in reply to: CellBioGuy’s comment on: MIT Technology Review—Michael Hendricks opinion on Cryonics
Sorry, I probably should have more more specific. What I should really say is ‘how important the unique fine-grained structure of white matter is.’

If the structure is relatively generic between brains, and doesn’t encode identity-crucial info in its microstructure, we may be able to fill it in using data from other brains in the future.

AndreInfante 16 Sep 2015 9:37 UTC
2 points
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in reply to: Ruzeil’s comment on: MIT Technology Review—Michael Hendricks opinion on Cryonics
Just an enthusiastic amateur who’s done a lot of reading. If you’re interested in hearing a more informed version of the pro-cryonics argument (and seeing some of the data) I recommend the following links:

On ischemic damage and the no-reflow phenomenon: http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/ischemia.html

Alcor’s research on how much data is preserved by their methods: http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/braincryopreservation1.html http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/newtechnology.html http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/CryopreservationAndFracturing.html

Yudkowsky’s counter-argument to the philosophical issue of copies vs. “really you”: http://lesswrong.com/lw/r9/quantum_mechanics_and_personal_identity/

AndreInfante 16 Sep 2015 8:43 UTC
11 points
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on: MIT Technology Review—Michael Hendricks opinion on Cryonics

If we could “upload” or roughly simulate any brain, it should be that of C. elegans. Yet even with the full connectome in hand, a static model of this network of connections lacks most of the information necessary to simulate the mind of the worm. In short, brain activity cannot be inferred from synaptic neuroanatomy.

Straw man. Connectonomics is relevant to trying to explain the concept of uploading to the lay-man. Few cryonics proponents actually believe it’s all you need to know to reconstruct the brain.

The features of your neurons (and other cells) and synapses that make you “you” are not generic. The vast array of subtle chemical modifications, states of gene regulation, and subcellular distributions of molecular complexes are all part of the dynamic flux of a living brain. These things are not details that average out in a large nervous system; rather, they are the very things that engrams (the physical constituents of memories) are made of.

The fact that someone can be dead for several hours and then be resuscitated, or have their brain substantially heated or cooled without dying, puts a theoretical limit on how sensitive your long-term brain state can possibly be to these sorts of transient details of brain structure. It seem very likely that long-term identity-related brain state is stored almost entirely in relatively stable neurological structures. I don’t think this is particularly controversial, neurobiologically.

While it might be theoretically possible to preserve these features in dead tissue, that certainly is not happening now. The technology to do so, let alone the ability to read this information back out of such a specimen, does not yet exist even in principle. It is this purposeful conflation of what is theoretically conceivable with what is ever practically possible that exploits people’s vulnerability.

This is not, to the best of my knowledge, true, and he offers no evidence for this claim. Cryonics does a very good job of preserving a lot of features of brain tissue. There is some damage done by the cryoprotectants and thermal shearing, but it’s specific and well-characterized damage, not total structural disruption. Although I will say that ice crystal formation in the deep brain caused by the no-reflow problem is a serious concern. Whether that’s a showstopper depends on how important you think the fine-grained structure of white matter is.

But what is this replica? Is it subjectively “you” or is it a new, separate being? The idea that you can be conscious in two places at the same time defies our intuition. Parsimony suggests that replication will result in two different conscious entities. Simulation, if it were to occur, would result in a new person who is like you but whose conscious experience you don’t have access to.

Bad philosophy on top of bad neuroscience!

AndreInfante 26 Aug 2015 4:41 UTC
0 points
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in reply to: PhilGoetz’s comment on: The virtual AI within its virtual world
That’s… an odd way of thinking about morality.

I value other human beings, because I value the processes that go on inside my own head, and can recognize the same processes at work in others, thanks to my in-built empathy and theory of the mind. As such, I prefer that good things happen to them rather than bad. There isn’t any universal ‘shouldness’ to it, it’s just the way that I’d rather things be. And, since most other humans have similar values, we can work together, arm in arm. Our values converge rather than diverge. That’s morality.

I extend that value to those of different races and cultures, because I can see that they embody the same conscious processes that I value. I do not extend that same value to brain dead people, fetuses, or chickens, because I don’t see that value present within them. The same goes for a machine that has a very alien cognitive architecture and doesn’t implement the cognitive algorithms that I value.

AndreInfante 25 Aug 2015 21:11 UTC
3 points
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in reply to: Stuart_Armstrong’s comment on: The virtual AI within its virtual world
But that might be quite a lot of detail!

In the example of curing cancer, your computational model of the universe would need to include a complete model of every molecule of every cell in the human body, and how it interacts under every possible set of conditions. The simpler you make the model, the more you risk cutting off all of the good solutions with your assumptions (or accidentally creation false solutions due to your shortcuts). And that’s just for medical questions.

I don’t think it’s going to be possible for an unaided human to construct a model like that for a very long time, and possibly not ever.

AndreInfante 25 Aug 2015 21:06 UTC
4 points
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in reply to: PhilGoetz’s comment on: The virtual AI within its virtual world
The traditional argument is that there’s a vast space of possible optimization processes, and the vast majority of them don’t have humanlike consciousness or ego or emotions. Thus, we wouldn’t assign them human moral standing. AIXI isn’t a person and never will be.

A slightly stronger argument is that there’s no way in hell we’re going to build an AI that has emotions or ego or the ability to be offended by serving others wholeheartedly, because that would be super dangerous, and defeat the purpose of the whole project.

AndreInfante 24 Aug 2015 20:32 UTC
4 points
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in reply to: PhilGoetz’s comment on: The virtual AI within its virtual world
Your lawnmower isn’t your slave. “Slave” prejudicially loads the concept with anthrocentric morality that does not actually exist.

AndreInfante 24 Aug 2015 19:58 UTC
3 points
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on: The virtual AI within its virtual world
I think there’s a question of how we create an adequate model of the world for this idea to work. It’s probably not practical to build one by hand, so we’d likely need to hand the task over to an AI.

Might it be possible to use the modelling module of an AI in the absence of the planning module? (or with a weak planning module) If so, you might be able to feed it a great deal of data about the universe, and construct a model that could then be “frozen” and used as the basis for the AI’s “virtual universe.”

AndreInfante 13 Aug 2015 6:02 UTC
3 points
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in reply to: [deleted]’s comment on: Bragging thread August 2015
Have you considered coating your fingers with capsaicin to make scratching your mucus membrances immediately painful?

(Apologies if this advice is unwanted—I have not experienced anything similar, and am just spitballing).

AndreInfante 13 Aug 2015 5:58 UTC
1 point
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on: Bragging thread August 2015
I made serious progress on a system for generating avatar animations based on the motion of a VR headset. It still needs refinement, but I’m extremely proud of what I’ve got so far.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klAsxamqkkU

AndreInfante 9 Aug 2015 20:43 UTC
3 points
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on: Vegetarianism Ideological Turing Test!
For Omnivores:
- Do you think the level of meat consumption in America is healthy for individuals? Do you think it’s healthy for the planet?
Meat is obviously healthy for individuals. We evolved to eat as much of it as we could get. Many nutrients seem to be very difficult to obtain in sufficient, bio-available form from an all-vegetable diet. I just suspect most observant vegans are substantially malnourished.

On the planet side of things, meat is an environmental disaster. The methane emissions are horrifying, as is the destruction of rainforest. Hopefully, lab-grown meat allows us to switch to an eco-friendly alternative.
- How do you feel about factory farming? Would you pay twice as much money for meat raised in a less efficient (but “more natural”) way?
Factory farming is necessary to continue to feed the world. I don’t care about “natural”, but I’d pay extra for food from animals that had been genetically engineered to be happy and extremely stupid/near-comatose, to reduce total suffering-per-calorie. This would be more effective and less costly than switching to free-range.
- Are there any animals you would (without significantly changing your mind) never say it was okay to hunt/farm and eat? If so, what distinguishes these animals from the animals which are currently being hunted/farmed?
Great apes. cetaceans, and a few birds. The range of animal intelligence is extremely broad. I find it extremely unlikely that chickens have anything recognizable as a human-like perception of the world. I think the odds are better than not that dolphins, chimps, and parrots do.

If you’re interested, the animal I’m most on the fence about is pigs.
- If all your friends were vegetarians, and you had to go out of your way to find meat in a similar way to how vegans must go out of their way right now, do you think you’d still be an omnivore?
Yes. I cook most of my own meals, and my meat consumption would continue even in the absence of social eating.

For Vegetarians:
- If there was a way to grow meat in a lab that was indistinguishable from normal meat, and the lab-meat had never been connected to a brain, do you expect you would eat it? Why/why not?
I obviously no moral problem with that. That would be fantastic. However, I probably wouldn’t eat the lab meat. I find the texture / mouth-feel of most meat pretty gross, and lab-grown meat would be significantly more expensive than my current diet. Since microbiome acclimation means that resuming eating meat could make me very sick for a while, I’m not sure I see the profit in it.

I am very interested in synthetic milk, cheese, and eggs, however.
- Indigenous hunter gatherers across the world get around 30 percent of their annual calories from meat. Chimpanzees, our closest non-human relatives, eat meat. There are arguments that humans evolved to eat meat and that it’s natural to do so. Would you disagree? Elaborate.
Obviously, humans evolved to be omnivorous. However, the paleo people are lunatics if they think we ate as much meat as they do (much less of the hyper-fatty livestock we’ve bred over the last couple of millenia). Meat was a most likely a rare supplement to the largely-vegetarian diets of ancestral peoples.

Regardless, none of this is the point. Today, it’s perfectly possible to eat a vegan diet and be healthy (see: Soylent). You can’t avoid the obvious moral horror of eating the flesh of semi-sentient animals like pigs by shouting the word ‘natural’ and running away.
- Do you think it’s any of your business what other people eat? Have you ever tried (more than just suggesting it or leading by example) to get someone to become a vegetarian or vegan?
Only if they bring it up first. I do think we have a moral obligation to try to reduce animal suffering, but harassing my friends isn’t actually helping the cause in any way, and might be hurting. I do try to corrupt my meat-eating friends who are having seconds thoughts about it, but, you know, in a friendly way.
- What do you think is the primary health risk of eating meat (if any)?
Parasites probably. Meat in moderation clearly isn’t especially bad for you. It’s just, you know, wrong.

AndreInfante 5 Aug 2015 23:30 UTC
7 points
0
in reply to: Error’s comment on: We really need a “cryonics sales pitch” article.
Technically, it’s the frogs and fish that routinely freeze through the winter. Of course, they evolved to pull off that stunt, so it’s less impressive.

We’ve cryopreserved a whole mouse kidney before, and were able to thaw and use it as a mouse’s sole kidney.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781097/

We’ve also shown that nematode memory can survive cryopreservation:

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3107805/Could-brains-stay-forever-young-Memories-survive-cryogenic-preservation-study-shows.html

The trouble is that larger chunks of tissue (like, say, a whole mouse or a human brain) are more prone to thermal cracking at very low temperatures. Until we solve that problem, nobody’s coming back short of brain emulation or nanotechnology.

AndreInfante 31 Jul 2015 22:07 UTC
0 points
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on: How to win the World Food Prize
The issue is that crashing the mosquito population doesn’t work if even a few of them survive to repopulate—the plan needs indefinite maintenance, and the mosquitoes will eventually evolve to avoid our lab-bred dud males.

I wonder if you could breed a version of the mosquito that’s healthy but has an aversion to humans, make your genetic change dominant, and then release a bunch of THOSE mosquitoes. There’d be less of a fitness gap between the modified mosquitoes and the original species, so if we just kept dumping modified males every year for a decade or two, we might be able to completely drive the original human-seeking genes out of the ecosystem.

AndreInfante 30 Jul 2015 10:19 UTC
0 points
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in reply to: jacob_cannell’s comment on: Steelmaning AI risk critiques
Not much to add here, except that it’s unlikely that Alex is an exceptional example of a parrot. The researcher purchased him from a pet store at random to try to eliminate that objection.

AndreInfante 29 Jul 2015 21:53 UTC
2 points
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in reply to: jacob_cannell’s comment on: Steelmaning AI risk critiques
Interesting! I didn’t know that, and that makes a lot of sense.

If I were to restate my objection more strongly, I’d say that parrots also seem to exceed chimps in language capabilities (chimps having six billion cortical neurons). The reason I didn’t bring this up originally is that chimp language research is a horrible, horrible field full of a lot of bad science, so it’s difficult to be too confident in that result.

Plenty of people will tell you that signing chimps are just as capable as Alex the parrot—they just need a little bit of interpretation from the handler, and get too nervous to perform well when the handler isn’t working with them. Personally, I think that sounds a lot like why psychics suddenly stop working when James Randi shows up, but obviously the situation is a little more complicated.

AndreInfante 29 Jul 2015 9:20 UTC
−1 points
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in reply to: jacob_cannell’s comment on: Steelmaning AI risk critiques

Yes it is a pure ANN—according to my use of the term ANN (arguing over definitions is a waste of time). ANNs are fully general circuit models, which obviously can re-implement any module from any computer—memory, database, whatever. The defining characteristics of an ANN are—simulated network circuit structure based on analog/real valued nodes, and some universal learning algorithm over the weights—such as SGD.

I think you misunderstood me. The current DeepMind AI that they’ve shown the public is a pure ANN. However, it has serious limitations because it’s not easy to implement long-term memory as a naive ANN. So they’re working on a successor called the “neural Turing machine” which marries an ANN to a database retrieval system—a specialized module.

You don’t understand my position. I don’t believe DL as it exists today is somehow the grail of AI. And yes I’m familiar with Hinton’s ‘Capsule’ proposals. And yes I agree there is still substantial room for improvement in ANN microarchitecture, and especially for learning invariances—and unsupervised especially.

The thing is, many of those improvements are dependent on the task at hand. It’s really, really hard for an off-the-shelf convnet neural network to learn the rules of three dimensional geometry, so we have to build it into the network. Our own visual processing shows signs of having the same structure imbedded in it.

The same structure would not, for example, benefit an NLP system, so we’d give it a different specialized structure, tuned to the hierarchical nature of language. The future, past a certain point, isn’t making ‘neural networks’ better. It’s making ‘machine vision’ networks better, or ‘natural language’ networks better. To make a long story short, specialized modules are an obvious place to go when you run into problem too complex to teach a naive convnet to do efficiently. Both for human engineers over the next 5-10, and for evolution over the last couple of billion.

You don’t update on forum posts? Really? You seem pretty familiar with MIRI and LW positions. So are you saying that you arrived at those positions all on your own somehow?

I have a CS and machine learning background, and am well-read on the subject outside LW. My math is extremely spotty, and my physics is non-existent. I update on things I read that I understand, or things from people I believe to be reputable. I don’t know you well enough to judge whether you usually say things that make sense, and I don’t have the physics to understand the argument you made or judge its validity. Therefore, I’m not inclined to update much on your conclusion.

EDIT: Oh, and you still haven’t responded to the cat thing. Which, seriously, seems like a pretty big hole in the universal learner hypothesis.

AndreInfante 29 Jul 2015 5:08 UTC
−1 points
0
in reply to: jacob_cannell’s comment on: Steelmaning AI risk critiques

First off the bat, you absolutely can create an AGI that is a pure ANN. In fact the most successful early precursor AGI we have—the atari deepmind agent—is a pure ANN. Your claim that ANNs/Deep Learning is not the end of all AGI research is quickly becoming a minority position.

The deepmind agent has no memory, one of the problems that I noted in the first place with naive ANN systems. The deepmind’s team’s solution to this is the neural Turing machine model, which is a hybrid system between a neural network and a database. It’s not a pure ANN. It isn’t even neuromorphic.

Improving its performance is going to involve giving it more structure and more specialized components, and not just throwing more neurons and training time at it.

For goodness sake: Geoffrey Hinton, the father of deep learning, believes that the future of machine vision is explicitly integrating the idea of three dimensional coordinates and geometry into the structure of the network itself, and moving away from more naive and general purpose conv-nets.

Source: https://github.com/WalnutiQ/WalnutiQ/issues/157

Your position is not as mainstream as you like to present it.

The real test here would be to take a brain and give it an entirely new sense

Done and done. Next!

If you’d read the full sentence that I wrote, you’d appreciate that remapping existing senses doesn’t actually address my disagreement. I want a new sense, to make absolutely sure that the subjects aren’t just re-using hard coding from a different system. Snarky, but not a useful contribution to the conversation.

This is nonsense—language processing develops in general purpose cortical modules, there is no specific language circuitry.

This is far from the mainstream linguistic perspective. Go argue with Noam Chomsky; he’s smarter than I am. Incidentally, you didn’t answer the question about birds and cats. Why can’t cats learn to do complex language tasks? Surely they also implement the universal learning algorithm just as parrots do.

What about Watson?

Not an AGI.

AGIs literally don’t exist, so that’s hardly a useful argument. Watson is the most powerful thing in its (fairly broad) class, and it’s not a neural network.

Finally, I don’t have the background to refute your argument on the efficiency of the brain (although I know clever people who do who disagree with you).

The correct thing to do here is update. Instead you are searching for ways in which you can ignore the evidence.

No, it really isn’t. I don’t update based on forum posts on topics I don’t understand, because I have no way to distinguish experts from crackpots.

AndreInfante 29 Jul 2015 1:44 UTC
−1 points
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in reply to: jacob_cannell’s comment on: Steelmaning AI risk critiques
Yes, I’ve read your big universal learner post, and I’m not convinced. This does seem to be the crux of our disagreement, so let me take some time to rebut:

First off, you’re seriously misrepresenting the success of deep learning as support for your thesis. Deep learning algorithms are extremely powerful, and probably have a role to play in building AGI, but they aren’t the end-all, be-all of AI research. For starters, modern deep learning systems are absolutely fine-tuned to the task at hand. You say that they have only “a small number of hyperparameters.” which is something of a misrepresentation. There are actually quite a few of these hyperparameters in state-of-the-art networks, and there are more in networks tackling more difficult tasks.

Tuning these hyperparameters is hard enough that only a small number of researchers can do it well enough to achieve state of the art results. We do not use the same network for image recognition and audio processing, because that wouldn’t work very well.

We tune the architecture of deep learning systems to the task at hand. Presumably, if we can garner benefits from doing that, evolution has an incentive to do the same. There’s a core, simple algorithm at work, but targeted to specific tasks. Evolution has no incentive to produce a clean design if cludgy tweaks give better results. You argue that evolution has a bias against complexity, but that certainly hasn’t stopped other organs from developing complex structure to make them marginally better at the task.

There’s also the point that there’s plenty of tasks that deep learning methods can’t solve yet (like how to store long-term memories of a complex and partially observed system in an efficient manner) - not to mention higher level cognitive skills that we have no clue how to approach.

Nobody thinks this stuff is just a question of throwing yet larger deep learning networks at the problem. They will be solved by finding different hard-wired network architectures that make the problem more manageable by knowing things about it in advance.

The ferret brain rewiring result is not a slam-dunk for the universal learning by itself. It just means that different brain modules can switch which pre-programmed neural algorithms they implement on the fly. Which makes sense, because on some level these things have to be self-organizing in the first place to be compactly genetically coded.

The real test here would be to take a brain and give it an entirely new sense—something that bears no resemblance to any sense it or any of its ancestors has ever had, and see if it can use that sense as naturally as hearing or vision. Personally, I doubt it. Humans can learn echolocation, but they can’t learn echolocation the way bats and dolphins can learn echolocation—and echolocation bears a fair degree of resemblance to other tasks that humans already have specialized networks for (like pinpointing the location of a sound in space).

Notably, the general learner hypothesis does not explain why non-surgically-modified brains are so standardized in structure and functional layout. Something that you yourself bring up in your article.

It also does not explain why birds are better at language tasks than cats. Cat brains are much larger. The training rewards in the lab are the same. And, yet, cats significantly underperform parrots at every single language-related task we can come up with. Why? Because the parrots have had a greater evolutionary pressure to be good at language-style tasks—and, as a result, they have evolved task-specific neurological algorithms to make it easier.

Also, plenty of mammals, fresh out of the womb, have complex behaviors and vocalizations. Humans are something of an outlier, due to being born premature by mammal standards. If mammal brains are 99% universal learning, why can baby cows walk within minutes of birth?

Look, obviously, to some degree, both things are true. The brain is capable of general learning to some degree. Otherwise, we’d never have developed math. It also obviously has hard-coded specialized modules, to some degree, which is why (for example) all human cultures develop language and music, which isn’t something you’d expect if we were all starting from zero. The question is which aspect dominates brain performance. You’re proposing an extreme swing to one end of the possibility space that doesn’t seem even remotely plausible—and then you’e using that assumption as evidence that no non-brain-like intelligence can exist.

What about Watson? It’s the best-performing NLP system ever made, and it’s absolutely a “weird mathy program.” It uses neural networks as subroutines, but the architecture of the whole bears no resemblance to the human brain. It’s not a simple universal learning algorithm. If you gave a single deep neural network access to the same computational resources, it would underperform Watson. That seems like a pretty tough pill to swallow if ‘simple universal learner’ is all there is to intelligence.

Finally, I don’t have the background to refute your argument on the efficiency of the brain (although I know clever people who do who disagree with you). But, taking it as a given that you’re right, it sounds like you’re assuming all future AIs will draw the same amount of power as a real brain and fit in the same spatial footprint. Well… what if they didn’t? What if the AI brain is the size of a fridge and cooled with LN2 and consumes as much power as a city block? Surely at the physical limits of computation you believe in, that would be able to beat the pants off little old us.

To sum up: yes, I’ve read your thing. No, it’s not as convincing as you seem to believe.