I’ve always thought of space infrastructure (including weaponry) to be very difficult to defend. Like satellites are very easily destroyed by even tiny pieces of debris. I think this would also be true for a megastructure in space, especially if it was a thin very wide diameter object focusing a laser. A defensive ASI on Earth might be able to fire a projectile at the megastructure and cause a massive structural collapse for a relatively cheap cost compared to the energy and materials to build the giant space laser?
So my intuition would be that conflicts between ASIs on Earth and in space would be in favour of the Earth-based ASI until relative power dynamics come into play later on.. the limit on energy generation on Earth seems orders of magnitude lower than what is possible with a Dyson swarm.
The thing that worries me in this scenario is that Superpower A has the ability to expand to other star systems while Superpower B (and presumably everyone else on Earth) has very little say about it.
I don’t think Superpower B would be able to convincingly argue that they are willing to initiate their own destruction through MAD if they’re not given access to half of the galaxy or if their preferences for large scale space expansion are not taken into account. Also, assuming the leaders of superpower B don’t want to be deposed, they wouldn’t make such a threat anyway because it wouldn’t be in the interest of the people that the leaders of Superpower B represent.
I think interstellar travel will be a really pivotal point with a huge risk of locking in bad values for the long-term future. There is a selection bias: the actor most likely to gain dominance in space is not the actor most likely to have good values, so space power grabs risks locking in bad values for the long-term future.