My website is https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~duvenaud/
David Duvenaud
Karma: 828
I think it matters bc AIs won’t be able to save any money. They’ll spend all their wages renting compute to run themselves on. So it blocks problems that stem from AI having more disposal income and therefore weighing heavily on economic demand signals.
This doesn’t make sense to me, and sounds like it proves too much—something like “Corporations can never grow because they’ll spend all their revenue on expenses, which will be equal to revenue due to competition”. Sometimes AIs (or corporations) will earn more than their running costs, and invest those in growth, and end up with durable advantages due to things such as returns to scale or network effects.
I was responding to “ppl getting AIs to invest on their behalf, just like VCs invest on ppl’s behalf today. It seems like we need fairly egregious misalignment for this to fail, no?”
I’m saying that one way that “humans live off index funds” fails, even today, is that it’s illegal for almost every human to participate in many of the biggest wealth creation events. You’re right that most AIs would probably also be barred from participating from most wealth creation events, but the ones that do (maybe by being hosted by, or part of, the new hot corporations) can scale / reproduce really quickly to double down on whatever advantage that they have from being in the inner circle.
I’m hope it’s not presumptuous to respond on Jan’s behalf, but since he’s on vacation:
> It’s more than just index funds. It’s ppl getting AIs to invest on their behalf, just like VCs invest on ppl’s behalf today. It seems like we need fairly egregious misalignment for this to fail, no?Today, in the U.S. and Canada, most people have no legal way to invest in OpenAI, Anthropic, or xAI, even if they have AI advisors. Is this due to misalignment, or just a mostly unintended outcome from consumer protection laws, and regulation disincentivizing IPOs?
> If income switches from wages to capital income, why does it become more load bearing?
Because the downside of a one-time theft is bounded if you can still make wages. If I lose my savings but can still work, I don’t starve. If I’m a pensioner and I lose my pension, maybe I do starve.
> humans will own/control the AIs producing culture, so they will still control this determinant of human preferences.
Why do humans already farm clickbait? It seems like you think many humans wouldn’t direct their AIs to make them money / influence by whatever means necessary. And it won’t necessarily be individual humans running these AIs, it’ll be humans who own shares of companies such as “Clickbait Spam-maxxing Twitter AI bot corp”, competing to produce the clickbaitiest content.
Oh, makes sense. Kind of like Yudkowsky’s arguments about how you don’t know how a chess master will beat you, just that they will. We also can’t predict exactly how a civilization will disempower its least productive and sophisticated members. But a fool and his money are soon parted, except under controlled circumstances.
Thanks for the detailed feedback, argumentation, and criticism!
There’s still a real puzzle about why Xi/Trump/CEOs can’t coordinate here after they realise what’s happening.
Maybe it’s unclear even to superintelligent AIs where this will lead, but it in fact leads to disempowerment. Or maybe the AIs aren’t aligned enough to tell us it’s bad for us.
I agree that having truthful, aligned AGI advisors might be sufficient to avoid coordination failures. But then again, why do current political leaders regularly appoint or listen to bad advisors? Steve Byrnes had a great list of examples of this pattern, which he calls “conservation of wisdom”
why not deploy aligned AI that makes as much money as possible and then uses it for your interests? maybe the successionism means ppl choose not to? (Seems weak!)
For the non-rich, one way or another, they’ll quickly end up back in Malthusian competition with beings that are more productive, and have much more reproductive flexibility than them.
For the oligarchs / states, as long as human reproduction remained slow, they could easily use a small amount of their fortunes to keep humanity alive. But there are so many possible forms of successionism, that I expect at least one of them to be more appealing to a given oligarch / government than letting humans-as-they-are continue to consume substantial physical resources. E.g.:Allow total reproductive freedom, which ends up Goodhearting whatever UBI / welfare system is in existence with “spam humans”, e.g. just-viable frozen embryos with uploaded / AI brains legally attached.
Some sort of “greatest hits of humanity” sim that replays human qualia involved in their greatest achievements, best days, etc., Or, support some new race of AGIs that are fine-tuned to simulate the very best of humanity (according to the state).
Force everyone to upload to save money, and also to police / abolish extreme suffering. Then selection effects turns the remaining humans into full-time activists / investors / whatever the government or oligarchs choose to reward. (This also might be what a good end looks like if done well enough.)
I buy you could get radical cultural changes. [...] But stuff as big as in this story feels unlikely. Often culture changes radically bc the older generation dies off, but that won’t happen here.
Good point, but imo old peoples’ influence mostly wanes well before they die, as they become unemployed, out-of-touch, and isolated from the levers of cultural production and power. Which is what we’re saying will happen to almost all humans, too.
Another way that culture changes radically is through mass immigration, which will also effectively happen as people spend more time interacting with effectively more-numerous AIs.
> If people remained economically indispensable, even fairly serious misalignment could have non catastrophic outcomes.
Good point. Relatedly, even the most terribly misaligned governments mostly haven’t starved or killed a large fraction of their citizens. In this sense, we already survive misaligned superintelligence on a regular basis. But only when, as you say, people remain economically indispensable.
> Someone I was explaining it to described it as “indefinite pessimism”.
I think this is a fair criticism, in the sense that it’s not clear what could make us happy about the long-term future even in principle. But to me, this is just what being long-term agentic looks like! I don’t understand why so many otherwise-agentic people I know seem content to YOLO it post-AGI, or seem to be reassured that “the AGI will figure it out for us”.
Even if AIs do earn wages, those wages may be driven down to subsistence levels via Malthusian dynamics (you can quickly make more compute) so that human income from capital assets dominates AI income.
Why does it matter whether AIs’ wages are subsistence-level? This seems to prove too much, e.g. “monkeys won’t be threatened by human domination of the economy, since the humans will just reproduce until they’re at subsistence level.”
Even if AIs earn significant non-subsistence wages, humans can easily tax that income at >50% and give it to humans.
Maybe—but taxing machine income seems to me to be similarly difficult to taxing corporate income. As a machine, you have many more options to form a legal super-organization and blur the lines between consumption, trade, employment, and capex.
How did it go? Any recurring questions, or big conceptual updates?
Sounds like we’re in the same boat!
Hard agree. It’s ironic that it took hundreds of years to get people to accept the unintuitive positive-sum-ness of liberalism, libertarianism, and trade. But now we might have to convince everyone that those seemingly-robust effects are likely to go away, and that governments and markets are going to be unintuitively harsh.
There are several important “happy accidents” that allowed almost everyone to thrive under liberalism, that are likely to go away:
- Not usually enough variation in ability to allow sheer domination (though this is not surprising, due to selection—everyone who was completely dominated is mostly not around anymore).
- Predictable death from old age as a leveler preventing power lock-in.
- Sexual reproduction (and deleterious effects of inbreeding) giving gains to intermixing beyond family units, and reducing the all-or-nothing stakes of competition.
- Not usually enough variation in reproductive rates to pin us to Malthusian equilibria.
I’m afraid you might be right, though maybe something like “transhumanist North Korea” is the best we can hope for while remaining meaningfully human. Care to outline, or link to, other options you have in mind?
Thanks for the summary. I really like your phrasing “We will not wake up to a Skynet banner; we will simply notice, one product launch at a time, that fewer meaningful knobs are within human reach.”
But as for “by what title/right do we insist on staying in charge?” I find it odd to act as if there is some external moral frame that we need to satisfy to maintain power. By what right does a bear catch a fish? Or a mother feed her child? I hope that a moral frame comprehensive enough to include humans is sufficiently compelling to future AIs to make them treat us well, but I don’t think that that happens by default.
I think we should frame the problem as “how do we make sure we control the moral framework of future powerful beings”, not as “how do we justify our existence to whatever takes over”. I think it’s entirely possible for us to end up building something that takes over that doesn’t care about our interests, and I simply care about (my) human interests, full stop, with no larger justification.
I might have an expansive view of my interests that includes all sorts of charity to other beings in a way that is easy for other beings to get on board with. But there are just so, so many possible beings that could exist that won’t care about my interests or moral code. Many already exist with us on this planet, such as wild animals and totalitarian governments. So my plea is: don’t think you can argue your way into being treated well! Instead, make sure that any being or institution you create has a permanent interest in treating you well.
As someone who writes these kinds of papers, I try to make an effort to cite the original inspirations when possible. And although I agree with Robin’s theory broadly, there are also some mechanical reasons why Yudkowsky in particular is hard to cite.
The most valuable things about the academic paper style as a reader are:
1) Having a clear, short summary (the abstract)
2) Stating the claimed contributions explicitly
3) Using standard jargon, or if not, noting so explicitly
4) A related work section that contrasts one’s own position against others′
5) Being explicit about what evidence you’re marshalling and where it comes from.
6) Listing main claims explicitly.
7) The best papers include a “limitations” or “why I might be wrong” section.
Yudkowsky mostly doesn’t do these things. That doesn’t mean he doesn’t deserve credit for making a clear and accessible case for many foundational aspects of AI safety. It’s just that in any particular context, it’s hard to say what, exactly, his claims or contributions were.
In this setting, maybe the most appropriate citation would be something like “as illustrated in many thought experiments by yudkowsky [cite particular sections of the sequences and hpmor], it’s dangerous to rely on any protocol for detecting scheming by agents more intelligent than oneself”. But that’s a pretty broad claim. Maybe I’m being unfair—but it’s not clear to me what exactly yudkowsky’s work says about the workability of these schemes other than “there be dragons here”.
I think people will be told about and sometime notice AIs’ biases, but they’ll still be the most trustworthy source of information for almost everybody. I think Wikipedia is a good example here—it’s obviously biased on many politicized topics, but it’s still usually the best source for anyone who doesn’t personally know experts or which obscure forums to trust.
Great question. I think treacherous turn risk is still under-funded in absolute terms. And gradual disempowerment is much less shovel-ready as a discipline.
I think there are two reasons why maybe this question isn’t so important to answer:
1) The kinds of skills required might be somewhat disjoint.
2) Gradual disempowerment is perhaps a subset or extension of the alignment problem. As Ryan Greenblatt and others point out: at some point, agents aligned to one person or organization will also naturally start working on this problem at the object level for their principals.
Yes, Ryan is correct. Our claim is that even fully-aligned personal AI representatives won’t necessarily be able to solve important collective action problems in our favor. However, I’m not certain about this. The empirical crux for me is: Do collective action problems get easier to solve as everyone gets smarter together, or harder?
As a concrete example, consider a bunch of local polities in a literal arms race. If each had their own AGI diplomats, would they be able to stop the arms race? Or would the more sophisticated diplomats end up participating in precommitment races or other exotic strategies that might still prevent a negotiated settlement? Perhaps the less sophisticated diplomats would fear that a complicated power-sharing agreement would lead to their disempowerment eventually anyways, and refuse to compromise?
As a less concrete example, our future situation might be analogous to a population of monkeys who unevenly have access to human representatives which earnestly advocate on their behalf. There is a giant, valuable forest that the monkeys live in next to a city where all important economic activity and decision-making happens between humans. Some of the human population (or some organizations, or governments) end up not being monkey-aligned, instead focusing on their own growth and security. The humans advocating on behalf of monkeys can see this is happening, but because they can’t always participate directly in wealth generation as well as independent humans, they eventually become a small and relatively powerless constituency. The government and various private companies regularly bid or tax enormous amounts of money for forest land, and even the monkeys with index funds eventually are forced to sell, and then go broke from rent.
I admit that there are many moving parts of this scenario, but it’s the closest simple analogy to what I’m worried about that I’ve found so far. I’m happy for people to point out ways this analogy won’t match reality.
Hmmm, maybe we got mixed somewhere along the way, because I was also trying to argue that humans won’t keep more money than AI in the Malthusian limit!