They are circular problems; they share a general structure with adaptation problems though, and I have found reading serious books on evolution, some of Dawkins’s are particularly good, and on economics, try Sowell’s Knowledge and Decisions, to be helpful. These types of problems cannot be solved, at best you can only get incrementally improved answers—depending on the costs of acquiring and analyzing further information versus the expected value of that information.
They are circular problems; they share a general structure with adaptation problems though, and I have found reading serious books on evolution, some of Dawkins’s are particularly good, and on economics, try Sowell’s Knowledge and Decisions, to be helpful. These types of problems cannot be solved, at best you can only get incrementally improved answers—depending on the costs of acquiring and analyzing further information versus the expected value of that information.