I agree that it’s difficult to rule out the presence of common causal factors, especially in complex systems where there really are a lot of causal factors.
To my mind, that’s a good reason not to assume simple causality from correlation between two factors in a complex system.
I agree that it’s difficult to rule out the presence of common causal factors, especially in complex systems where there really are a lot of causal factors.
To my mind, that’s a good reason not to assume simple causality from correlation between two factors in a complex system.