“”The Deductive-Nomological model, strictly speaking, certainly seems ideal but is untenable. This is ideal for empiricists arguing from fixed premises but this view hardly seems amenable to novel discoveries and even predictions. D-N does have a robust explanatory scope and power of causal laws such as the law of conservation. This model doesn’t have any explanatory power for other laws (i.e. the Pauli Exclusion Principle, which prohibits atomic electrons from collapsing in on the nucleus and being propelled away from the nucleus). The D-N model, if it were to implement the Pauli Exclusion Principle, would have a self-defeating condition in the explanandum or explanans (depending on how the principle is being used). So, the model itself seems inert to the effect that it could never be verified or falsified by its own merit and criteria. It stands in a privileged explanatory position.
Additionally, the D-N seems incompatible with many models of our universe. This model assumes that the universe is deterministic. Its view of causality is more than the Humean notion of effects rooted in habits of association, and rightly so, but it assumes that causality is applicable in every instance of a law. There are several problems with this in the quantum world. Quantum calculations are solely based on probabilities. The vast majority of quantum interpretations are indeterministic (i.e. the traditional Copenhagen, GRW, Popper, transactional, etc.). Additionally, there are other interpretations that suggest that the quantum world is deterministic (i.e. de Broglie-Bohm and Many Worlds).[1] What this goes to say is that the world may not be completely deterministic but it’s certainly not chaotic either.[2] This is where I get caught between the efficacy of the I-S model and the D-N-P model. The D-N-P model makes sense of deterministic and probabilistic explanandums
I know Carnap would suggest that his system of inductive logic there can be a degree of confirmation of statements which assign an inductive probability to a hypothesis about a particular event relative to the evidence statements about other particular events and that no universal generalizations are involved. If this were rejected it seems that it would be necessary to give up this I-S model as a covering law.[6] I think that this is similar to what I’ve stated above regarding how M should be understood. This use of RMS as a principle can tell us the degree to which an event is to be expected relative to the total relevant evidence—it’s tentative.[7] Thus, the structural identity thesis voids explanation from being identical to prediction.
Aside from the predictive capabilities of the I-S explanation, Hempel made it quite clear that the final probability, if it embodies all available and relevant data, is not a certainty. Apart from the deductive arguments the I-S conclusion has a probabilistic qualifier. He rejects the concept of “epistemic utility,” which was an attempt to formulate an inductive rule in terms of the relative utilities of accepting or not accepting various available hypotheses (or at best is without commitment to a particular theory of inductive confirmation).[8] There does seem to be a problem with the ambiguity of I-S explanations. This epistemic ambiguity is: The total set K of accepted scientific statements contains different subsets of statements which can be used as premises in arguments of the probabilistic form, which confer high probabilities on logically contradictory conclusions.[9] I found this to be a frustration with logic—unjustifiably so. With material implication’s truth-values being T and F respectively for the sufficient and necessary conditions the only false conclusion follows by under this rule of inference. However, when changing what the conditions are, usually when there is no inferential connection between the two, while keeping the conditional’s truth-values, the conclusion may come to be T when it is actually”″
It can be
“”The Deductive-Nomological model, strictly speaking, certainly seems ideal but is untenable. This is ideal for empiricists arguing from fixed premises but this view hardly seems amenable to novel discoveries and even predictions. D-N does have a robust explanatory scope and power of causal laws such as the law of conservation. This model doesn’t have any explanatory power for other laws (i.e. the Pauli Exclusion Principle, which prohibits atomic electrons from collapsing in on the nucleus and being propelled away from the nucleus). The D-N model, if it were to implement the Pauli Exclusion Principle, would have a self-defeating condition in the explanandum or explanans (depending on how the principle is being used). So, the model itself seems inert to the effect that it could never be verified or falsified by its own merit and criteria. It stands in a privileged explanatory position.
Additionally, the D-N seems incompatible with many models of our universe. This model assumes that the universe is deterministic. Its view of causality is more than the Humean notion of effects rooted in habits of association, and rightly so, but it assumes that causality is applicable in every instance of a law. There are several problems with this in the quantum world. Quantum calculations are solely based on probabilities. The vast majority of quantum interpretations are indeterministic (i.e. the traditional Copenhagen, GRW, Popper, transactional, etc.). Additionally, there are other interpretations that suggest that the quantum world is deterministic (i.e. de Broglie-Bohm and Many Worlds).[1] What this goes to say is that the world may not be completely deterministic but it’s certainly not chaotic either.[2] This is where I get caught between the efficacy of the I-S model and the D-N-P model. The D-N-P model makes sense of deterministic and probabilistic explanandums
I know Carnap would suggest that his system of inductive logic there can be a degree of confirmation of statements which assign an inductive probability to a hypothesis about a particular event relative to the evidence statements about other particular events and that no universal generalizations are involved. If this were rejected it seems that it would be necessary to give up this I-S model as a covering law.[6] I think that this is similar to what I’ve stated above regarding how M should be understood. This use of RMS as a principle can tell us the degree to which an event is to be expected relative to the total relevant evidence—it’s tentative.[7] Thus, the structural identity thesis voids explanation from being identical to prediction.
Aside from the predictive capabilities of the I-S explanation, Hempel made it quite clear that the final probability, if it embodies all available and relevant data, is not a certainty. Apart from the deductive arguments the I-S conclusion has a probabilistic qualifier. He rejects the concept of “epistemic utility,” which was an attempt to formulate an inductive rule in terms of the relative utilities of accepting or not accepting various available hypotheses (or at best is without commitment to a particular theory of inductive confirmation).[8] There does seem to be a problem with the ambiguity of I-S explanations. This epistemic ambiguity is: The total set K of accepted scientific statements contains different subsets of statements which can be used as premises in arguments of the probabilistic form, which confer high probabilities on logically contradictory conclusions.[9] I found this to be a frustration with logic—unjustifiably so. With material implication’s truth-values being T and F respectively for the sufficient and necessary conditions the only false conclusion follows by under this rule of inference. However, when changing what the conditions are, usually when there is no inferential connection between the two, while keeping the conditional’s truth-values, the conclusion may come to be T when it is actually”″