Mathematical logic grew out of the philosophical analysis of arguments. Mathematically rigorous analysis and calculus grew out of the concepts of motion and speed used in understanding physics (“natural philosophy”), which itself grew out of philosophy. Probability and statistics, as applied to controlled studies, grew out of the philosophy leading to the scientific method.
Mathematical logic grew out of the philosophical analysis of arguments. Mathematically rigorous analysis and calculus grew out of the concepts of motion and speed used in understanding physics (“natural philosophy”), which itself grew out of philosophy. Probability and statistics, as applied to controlled studies, grew out of the philosophy leading to the scientific method.