FWIW, I reject the conclusion that the “illusion of memory” is all there is to our judgment of preserved identity, as it doesn’t seem to fit my observations. We don’t suddenly perceive Sam as no longer being Sam when he loses his memory (although equally clearly memory is a factor). As I said originally, it seems clear to me that there are a lot of factors like this, and we perform some aggregating computation across all of them to make a judgment about whether two experiences are of the same thing.
What I do say is that our judgment of preserved identity, which is a computation (what I labelled F(x) above) that takes a number of factors into account, is all there is… there is no mysterious essence of personal identity that must be captured over and above the factors that contribute to that computation.
As for what factors those are, that’s a question for cognitive science, which is making progress in answering it. Physical similarity is clearly relevant, although we clearly accept identity being preserved across changes in appearance… indeed, we can be induced to do so in situations where very small variations would prevent that acceptance, as with color phi. Gradualness of change is clearly relevant, though again not absolute. Similarity of behavior at some level of description is relevant, although there are multiple levels available and it’s possible for judgments to conflict here. Etc.
Various things can happen that cause individual judgments to differ. My mom might get Alzheimers and no longer recognize me as the same person she gave birth to, while I continue to identify myself that way. I might get amnesia and no longer recognize myself as the same person my mom gave birth to, while she continues to identify herself that way. Someone else might have a psychotic break and begin to identify themselves as Dave, while neither I nor my mom do. Etc. When that happens, we sometimes allow the judgments of others to substitute for our own judgments (e.g., “Well, I don’t remember being this Dave person and I don’t really feel like I am, but you all say that I am and I’ll accept that.”) to varying degrees.
I was midway through writing a response, and I had to explain the “illusion of memory” and why it matters. And then I thought about it. And I think I dissolved the confusion I had about it. I now realize it’s true but adds up to normality and therefore doesn’t lead to a repugnant conclusion.
I think you may have misunderstood what the “illusion” is. It’s not about recognizing others. It’s about recognizing oneself: specifically, self-identifying as an entity that exists over time (although it changes gradually over time). I self-identify like that, so do most other people.
The “illusion”—which was a poor name because there is no real illusion once properly understood—is: on the level of physics there is no tag that stays attached to my self (body or whatever) during its evolution through time. All that physically exists is a succession of time-instants in each of which there is an instance of myself. But why do I connect that set of instances together rather than some other set? The proximate reason is not that it is a set of similar instances, because I am not some mind that dwells outside time and can compare instances for similarity. The proximate reason is that each instant-self has memories of being all the previous selves. If it had different memories, it would identify differently. (“Memories” take time to be “read” in the brain, so I guess this includes the current brain “state” beyond memories. I am using a computer simile here; I am not aware of how the brain really works on this level.)
So memory, which exists in each instant of time, creates an “illusion” of a self that moves through time instead of an infinite sequence of logically-unconnected instances. And the repugnant conclusion (I thought) was that there really was no self beyond the instant, and therefore things that I valued which were not located strictly in the present were not in some sense “mine”; I could as well value having been happy yesterday as someone else having been happy yesterday, because all that was left of it today was memories. In particular, reality could have no value beyond that which false memories could provide, including e.g. false knowledge.
However, now I am able to see that this does in fact add up to normality. Not just that it must do so (like all things) but the way it actually does so. Just as I have extension in space, I have extension in time. Neither of these things makes me an ontologically fundamental entity, but that doesn’t prevent me from thinking of myself as an entity, a self, and being happy with that. Nature is not mysterious.
Unfortunately, I still feel some mystery and lack of understanding regarding the nature of conscious experience. But given that it exists, I have now updated towards “patternism”. I will take challenges like the Big Universe more seriously, and I would more readily agree to be uploaded or clones than I would have this morning.
Thank you for having this drawn-out conversation with me so I could come to these conclusions!
FWIW, I reject the conclusion that the “illusion of memory” is all there is to our judgment of preserved identity, as it doesn’t seem to fit my observations. We don’t suddenly perceive Sam as no longer being Sam when he loses his memory (although equally clearly memory is a factor). As I said originally, it seems clear to me that there are a lot of factors like this, and we perform some aggregating computation across all of them to make a judgment about whether two experiences are of the same thing.
What I do say is that our judgment of preserved identity, which is a computation (what I labelled F(x) above) that takes a number of factors into account, is all there is… there is no mysterious essence of personal identity that must be captured over and above the factors that contribute to that computation.
As for what factors those are, that’s a question for cognitive science, which is making progress in answering it. Physical similarity is clearly relevant, although we clearly accept identity being preserved across changes in appearance… indeed, we can be induced to do so in situations where very small variations would prevent that acceptance, as with color phi. Gradualness of change is clearly relevant, though again not absolute. Similarity of behavior at some level of description is relevant, although there are multiple levels available and it’s possible for judgments to conflict here. Etc.
Various things can happen that cause individual judgments to differ. My mom might get Alzheimers and no longer recognize me as the same person she gave birth to, while I continue to identify myself that way. I might get amnesia and no longer recognize myself as the same person my mom gave birth to, while she continues to identify herself that way. Someone else might have a psychotic break and begin to identify themselves as Dave, while neither I nor my mom do. Etc. When that happens, we sometimes allow the judgments of others to substitute for our own judgments (e.g., “Well, I don’t remember being this Dave person and I don’t really feel like I am, but you all say that I am and I’ll accept that.”) to varying degrees.
I was midway through writing a response, and I had to explain the “illusion of memory” and why it matters. And then I thought about it. And I think I dissolved the confusion I had about it. I now realize it’s true but adds up to normality and therefore doesn’t lead to a repugnant conclusion.
I think you may have misunderstood what the “illusion” is. It’s not about recognizing others. It’s about recognizing oneself: specifically, self-identifying as an entity that exists over time (although it changes gradually over time). I self-identify like that, so do most other people.
The “illusion”—which was a poor name because there is no real illusion once properly understood—is: on the level of physics there is no tag that stays attached to my self (body or whatever) during its evolution through time. All that physically exists is a succession of time-instants in each of which there is an instance of myself. But why do I connect that set of instances together rather than some other set? The proximate reason is not that it is a set of similar instances, because I am not some mind that dwells outside time and can compare instances for similarity. The proximate reason is that each instant-self has memories of being all the previous selves. If it had different memories, it would identify differently. (“Memories” take time to be “read” in the brain, so I guess this includes the current brain “state” beyond memories. I am using a computer simile here; I am not aware of how the brain really works on this level.)
So memory, which exists in each instant of time, creates an “illusion” of a self that moves through time instead of an infinite sequence of logically-unconnected instances. And the repugnant conclusion (I thought) was that there really was no self beyond the instant, and therefore things that I valued which were not located strictly in the present were not in some sense “mine”; I could as well value having been happy yesterday as someone else having been happy yesterday, because all that was left of it today was memories. In particular, reality could have no value beyond that which false memories could provide, including e.g. false knowledge.
However, now I am able to see that this does in fact add up to normality. Not just that it must do so (like all things) but the way it actually does so. Just as I have extension in space, I have extension in time. Neither of these things makes me an ontologically fundamental entity, but that doesn’t prevent me from thinking of myself as an entity, a self, and being happy with that. Nature is not mysterious.
Unfortunately, I still feel some mystery and lack of understanding regarding the nature of conscious experience. But given that it exists, I have now updated towards “patternism”. I will take challenges like the Big Universe more seriously, and I would more readily agree to be uploaded or clones than I would have this morning.
Thank you for having this drawn-out conversation with me so I could come to these conclusions!
You’re welcome.