I have a BA and MA in English Lit, and I can’t sincerely answer you. I know several of the standard answers—most of which are derived from and are designed to promote various literary theories and the associated coterie of career minded professors. I left Lit in large part because of those (non-) answers, and did my PhD in Rhetoric instead.
Painting with a very broad brush here, but mainly why people study lit groups into five areas.
Art for art’s sake-->new criticism, structuralism, deconstructuralism: those fields that see studying literature of value in itself for understanding how literature works.
Author worship-->few scholars still do this, but these see studying literature as valuable as a way to understand a great writer. A modern version is the “shrink crit” types who use literature to do armchair psychoanalysis of the author (too often using extremely outdated Freudian theory).
Reader worship-->reader response theory, mainly, though some accuse rhetoricians of doing this: these theories mainly look at what readers make of a text as being the meaning/value of that text (sometimes they argue that the author is nothing more than a first reader).
How a text works-->linguistics and literature, mainly. These critics study literature to understand how the artistry shapes and is shaped by the constraints of language.
What it means in context-->there’s two separate groups here. One is the social/cultural critics who build out of the class/race/gender studies (Marxist, Feminist, et al). The other are the “New Historicist” critics who study lit to see how it lends insight into it’s historical context and how the historical context lends insight into the text.
There’s a graph of this, but my ability to do ASCII art is … not up to the task. Basically, you draw 5 circles, one in the center, the other for at the cardinal points. In the center are the text focused people (art for art’s sake). To the left are the author focused types, to the right are the reader focused types. You can draw arrows from the author circle to the text circle and from the text circle to the reader circle, but that leads to a whole ’nother can of worms. Anyhow, above the text circle can either be the linguistics/language one or the history/culture one. The other goes below. (What gets put on top can be telling about the teacher’s biases.
And, of course, any literary critic worth their salt will immediately violate any of these groupings if that’s what makes the most sense to developing insight into the text/reading experience.
I hope that helps.
Handle: thoughtdancer
Name: Deb
Location: Middle of nowhere, Michigan
Age: 44
Gender: Female
Education: PhD Rhetoric
Occupation: Writer-wannabe, adjunct Prof (formerly tenure-track, didn’t like it)
Blog: thoughtdances Just starting, be gentle please
I’m here because of SoullessAutomaton, who is my apartment-mate and long term friend. I am interested in discussing rhetoric and rationality. I have a few questions that I would pose to the group to open up the topic.
1) Are people interested in rhetoric, persuasion, and the systematic study thereof? Does anyone want a primer? (My PhD is in the History and Theory of Rhetoric, so I could develop such a primer.)
2) What would a rationalist rhetoric look like?
3) What would be the goals / theory / overarching observations that would be the drivers behind a rationalist rhetoric?
4) Would a rationalist rhetoric be more ethical than current rhetorics, and if so, why?
5) Can rhetoric ever be fully rational and rationalized, or is the study of how people are persuaded inevitably or inherently a-rational or anti-rational (I would say that rhetoric can be rationalized, but I know too many scholars who would disagree with me here, either explicitly or implicitly)?
6) Question to the group: to what degree might unfamiliar terminology derived from prior discussions here and in the sister-blog be functioning as an unintentional gatekeeper? Corollary question: to what degree is the common knowledge of math and sciences—and the relevant jargon terms thereof—functioning as a gatekeeper? (As an older woman, I was forbidden from pursuing my best skill—math—because women “didn’t study math”. I am finding that I have to dig pretty deeply into Wikipedia and elsewhere to make sure I’m following the conversation—that or I have to pester SoullessAutomaton with questions that I should not have to ask. sigh)