Infra-Domain proofs 1

A quick note here is that whenever a proposition or theorem or something is cited with a complicated-looking number, like, not Proposition 3, but “Proposition 3.4.2.7”, it’s being cited from this book.

Proposition 2: If X is a metrizable space, then the pointwise limit of a sequence of lower-bounded lower-semicontinuous functions with is lower-bounded and lower-semicontinuous.

Proof: Lower-boundedness of (the pointwise limit of the ) is trivial because , and is lower-bounded. For lower-semicontinuity, let limit to , and be some arbitrary natural number. We have

Because and is lower-semicontinuous. And, since this works regardless of , we have

Since is the pointwise limit of the , showing that is lower-semicontinuous.

Proposition 3: If is a metrizable space, then given any lower-bounded lower-semicontinuous function , there exists a sequence of bounded continuous functions s.t. and the limit pointwise to .

First, fix with an arbitrary metric, and stipulate that is lower-bounded and lower-semicontinuous. We’ll be defining some helper functions for this proof. Our first one is the family, defined as follows for :

Ie, we take a point, and map it to the worst-case value according to produced in an open ball of size around said point. Obviously, regardless of , .

Now we must show that , regardless of , is upper-semicontinuous, for later use. Let be arbitrary, and be some arbitrary point in , and be some sequence limiting to . Our task is to show , that’s upper-semicontinuity.

First, we observe that there must exist an s.t. , and . Why? Well, is “what’s the worst-case value of in the -sized open ball”, and said worst-case value may not be exactly attained, but we should be able to find points in said open ball which get arbitrarily close to the infinimum or attain it.

Now, since converges to , there must be some where, forever afterward, (the latter term is always nonzero from how we selected ). For any in that tail, we can rearrange this and get that , so by the triangle inequality, we have that . Ie, is in the open ball around for the tail of the convergent sequence.

Now, since is in all those open balls, the definition of means that for our tail of sufficiently late , , and we already know that . Putting these together, for all sufficiently late , . was arbitrary, so we have

(the limit might not exist, but limsup always does). And now we know that our auxiliary functions are upper-semicontinuous.

Next up: We must show that, if is some continuous function, is upper-semicontinuous. For this, we do:

For this, we distributed the limsup inside the sup, used that is continuous, and then used that is upper-semicontinuous for the inequality.

Now, here’s what we’re going to do. We’re going to inductively define the continuous as follows. Abbreviate (which is finite) as , and then consider the set-valued functions, for , inductively defined as follows:

where is a continuous selection from .

The big unknown is whether we can even find a continuous selection from all these set-valued functions to have the induction work. However, assuming that part works out, we can easily clean up the rest of the proof. So let’s begin.

We’ll be applying the Michael Selection Theorem. is a Banach space, and being metrizable implies that is paracompact, so those conditions are taken care of. We need to show that, for all and , is nonempty, closed, and convex, and is lower-hemicontinuous. This will be done by induction, we’ll show it for , establish some inequalities, and use induction to keep going.

For , remember,

This is obviously nonempty, closed, and convex for all . That just leaves establishing lower-hemicontinuity. Lower-hemicontinuity is, if , and there’s a sequence limiting to , there’s a (sub)sequence that limits to . We can let our . Since , , so

So it’s an appropriate sequence to pick. Now, we can go:

and

The first equality was distributing the liminf in and neglecting it for constants, the second is because because , and the inequality is from lower-semicontinuity of , and the equality is because so .

Since the limsup of this sequence is below and the liminf is above , we have:

And bam, lower-hemicontinuity is proved for the base case, we can get off the ground with the Michael selection theorem picking our .

Now for the induction step. The stuff we’ll be assuming for our induction step is that (we have this from the base case), and that is continuous (we have this from the base case). Now,

Because by induction assumption, and , because the definition of was

we have nonemptiness, and closure and convexity are obvious, so we just need to verify lower-hemicontinuity. Lower-hemicontinuity is, if , and there’s a sequence limiting to , there’s a (sub)sequence that limits to . We can define

Now,

And also,

because and , by our induction assumption and definition of respectively. Then, we can observe that because

we have

and also we have

so we have

Putting all this together, our net result is that

Combining this with previous results (because the later term is an upper-bound to our when unpacked), we have:

putting the upper and lower bounds together, we have:

So it’s an appropriate sequence of to pick. I will reiterate that, since is continuous (induction assumption) and we already established that all the are upper-semicontinuous, and the sup of a continuous function and upper-semicontinuous function is upper-semicontinuous as I’ve shown, we have upper-semicontinuity for . Remember that. Now, we can go:

Up to this point, what we did is move the limsup into the max for the equality, and then swapped our min of three components for one of the components (the ), producing a higher value.

Now, we can split into two exhaustive cases. Our first possible case is one where . In such a case, we can go:

This occurred because we swapped out our min of two components for one of the components, the constant lower bound, producing a higher value. Then, the equality was because, by assumption, so we can alter the second term. Then, we finally observe that because , and is the lower-bound on said set, is the larger of the two.

Our second possible case is one where . In such a case, we can go:

The first inequality was we swapped out our min of two components for one of the components, producing a higher value regardless of the . The second inequality was because is upper-semicontinuous, as established before. The equality then is just because we’re in the case where . Finally, we just observe that the latter term is the lower-bound for , which is the set that lies in, so is greater. These cases were exhaustive, so we have a net result that

Now for the other direction.

The first inequality was swapping out the max for just one of the components, as that reduces the value of your liminf. Then, for the equality, we just distribute the liminf in, and neglect it on the constants. The next inequality after that is lower-semicontinuity of , then we just regroup the mins in a different way. Finally, we observe that is the upper-bound on , which lies in, so is lower and takes over the min.

Since the limsup of this sequence is below and the liminf is above , we have:

And we’ve shown lower-hemicontinuity, and the Michael selection theorem takes over from there, yielding a continuous . Now, let’s verify the following facts in order to show A: that the induction proceeds all the way up, and B: that the induction produces a sequence of functions fulfilling the following properties.

First: . This is doable by , from our upper bound. It holds for our base case as well, since the upper bound there was .

Second: , which is doable by the exact same sort of argument as our first property.

Third: . This is doable by

Where the inequality uses that is a selection of , and the lower bound on . Then we just swap out some contents for lower contents, and use our second fact which inducts up the tower to establish that is an upper bound on the function . This is our one missing piece to show that our induction proceeds through all the .

Fourth: . Same argument as before, except we swap out for instead.

At this point, we’ve built a sequence of continuous functions where you always have , and and , regardless of .

Our last step is to show that limits to pointwise, ie, regardless of , .

We recall that the definition of was

Obviously, as goes up, goes up, it’s monotonically increasing, since we’re minimizing over fewer and fewer points each time, the open ball is shrinking. So the limit exists. And we also know that all the lie below . So, to show that limits to pointwise, we just have to rule out the case where .

Assume this was the case. Then, for each we can pick a point only distance away from that comes extremely close to attaining the infinimum value. These get closer and closer to , they limit to it. So, we’d have:

But the definition of lower-semicontinuity is that

So we have a contradiction, and this can’t be the case. Thus, the limit to pointwise.

Now, we will attempt to show that the limit to pointwise. Let be arbitrary, and we have

The first inequality was for all , the equality was just a reindexing, and the second inequality was (from our induction). Now, we can split into two cases. In case 1, diverges to . Since diverges as well, we have

In case 2, doesn’t diverge, but since does, we have

So, in either case, we can continue by

Because the limit to pointwise. Wait, we just showed no matter what. So all the inequalities must be equalities, and we have

And now we have our result, that any lower-bounded lower-semicontinuous function can be written as the pointwise limit of an increasing sequence of bounded continuous functions (since all the were bounded above by some constant and bounded below by .)

Theorem 1/​Monotone Convergence Theorem For Inframeasures: Given a Polish space, an inframeasure set over , a lower-bounded lower-semicontinuous function , and an ascending sequence of lower-bounded lower-semicontinuous functions which limit pointwise to , then

We’ll need to do a bit of lemma setup first. Said intermediate result is that, if some is lower-semicontinuous and lower-bounded, then the function from a-measures to given by is lower-semicontinuous.

By Proposition 3, we can craft an ascending sequence of bounded continuous functions which limit pointwise to .

Now to establish lower-semicontinuity of . Let limit to . Let be arbitrary. Then

The first inequality is because is above the sequence that limit to it. We then use limits because the sequence converges now. Since is continuous and bounded, and converges to , then must converge to .

Anyways, now that we know that for arbitrary ,

We can get the inequality that

Where the equality comes from Beppo Levi’s monotone convergence theorem, since the sequence is an ascending sequence of lower-bounded functions. Accordingly, we now know that if is lower-bounded and lower-semicontinuous, then is a lower-semicontinuous function. Let’s proceed.

Remember, the thing we’re trying to show is that

Where all the are lower-semicontinuous and lower-bounded, and limit to pointwise. One direction of this is pretty easy to show.

The first equality is just unpacking what expectation means, then we use that regardless of to show that all the points in are like “yup, the value increased” to get the inequality. Then we just observe that it doesn’t depend on n anymore and pack up the expectation, yielding

So, that’s pretty easy to show. The reverse direction, that

is much trickier to show.

We’ll start with splitting into cases. The first case is that is the empty set, in which case, everything is infinity, and the reverse inequality holds and we’re done.

The second case is that isn’t empty. In such a case, for each , we can pick a-measures from the minimal points of s.t.

coming as close to minimizing said functions within as we like!

Now, we can again split into two cases from here. In our first case, the sequence from the sequence diverges. Then, in such a case, we have

Why does this work? Well, the approximately minimize the expectation value of . Then, the worst-case value of is either 0, or the amount of measure in times the lowest value of . Since it’s an ascending sequence of functions, we can lower-bound this by (amount of measure in ) times (worst-case value of ). And, since we’re picking minimal points, and there’s an upper bound on the amount of measure present in minimal points of an inframeausure set from the Lipschitz criterion (our finite value), the worst-case value we could possibly get for is either 0 or the maximum amount of measure possible times a lower bound on . Both of these quantities are finite, so we get a finite negative number. But the are assumed to diverge, so the expectation values head off to infinity.

Ok then, we’re on to our last case. What if isn’t empty, and our sequence of a-measures has a subsequence where the doesn’t diverge? Well, the only possible way a sequence of a-measures in a nonempty inframeasure set can fail to have a convergent subsequence is for the b values to diverge, from the compact-projection property for an inframeasure set.

So, in our last case, we can isolate a convergent subsequence of our sequence of a-measures, which converges to the a-measure . Let’s use the index to denote this subsequence. At this point, the argument proceeds as follows. Let be an arbitrary natural number.

In order, this is just “we went to a subsequence of an ascending sequence, so it’s got the same limit”, then swapping out the worst-case value for the actual minimizing point. Then we just use that since the sequence of functions is ascending, eventually will blow past (at timestep ) because is a fixed constant. Then we just apply that is lower-bounded and lower-semicontinuous, so the function is lower-semicontinuous, getting our inequality we pass to .

Since this holds for arbitrary j, this then means we have

And then we can go

And we have the inequality going the other way, proving our result! This last stretch was done via Beppo Levi’s Monotone Convergence Theorem for the equality, then the inequality is because nonempty inframeasure sets are closed, so the limit point also lies in , and then packing up definitions.

Since we’ve proven both directions of the inequality, we have

and we’re done!

Proposition 4: All compact Polish spaces are compact second-countable LHC spaces.

Proof: Compactness is obvious. All Polish spaces are second-countable. So that just leaves the LHC property. Our compact hull operator will be taken to just be the closure of the set. Since the space is compact, all closed subsets of it are compact as well. The two properties

Are trivially fulfilled when is interpreted as set closure.

That leaves the LHC property. Since all Polish spaces are Hausdorff, the various definitions of local compactness coincide, and the space is compact, so all definitions of local compactness hold. So, given some and , by local compactness for the space , we can find a compact set and open set s.t. . Since is open, it can be written as a union of sets from the topology base. Now, pick a set from the base that makes and contains , call it . We have . In Hausdorff spaces, all compact sets are closed, so is a closed superset of , and so (the closure of ) is a subset of . Since , and (since is just closure), we have , as desired. This works for any and , so the space fulfills the LHC property.

Proposition 5: All open subsets of -BC domains are second-countable LHC spaces.

Given , an -BC domain, it has a countable basis. You can close the countable basis under finite suprema (when they exist), and the set will stay countable and stay a basis, but now it’s closed under finite suprema. Do that, to get a countable basis which is closed under finite suprema.

Our attempted base for the open subset will be those of the form for , ie, the set of all the points where , and is in the countable basis for the domain and also in . Also the empty set. This is clearly countable, because is.

To show it’s a topology base, we need to check closure under finite intersection, check that all these are open, and check that every open set in can be made by unioning these things together.

First, closure under finite intersection. In order to do this, we’ll need to show a lemma that if for finitely many , then . This occurs because, given any directed set with a supremum of or higher, since , you can find a in the directed set which is above , and then take an upper bound for the finitely many which exists within your directed set, and it’ll exceed . So, every directed set with a supremum of or higher has an element which matches or exceeds the supremum of the , so the supremum of the approximates .

Now that we have this result, we’ll show that

In the two directions, anything which is approximated by is also approximated by anything below it, ie, all the , so we have

And, for the reverse direction, we’ve already established that anything which all the approximate will also have the supremum of the approximate it. Since our countable basis was made to be closed under finite suprema, the open set associated with the supremum of the is also in our basis, so our base is closed under finite intersection.

Second, checking that they’re open. Sets of the form are always open in the Scott-topology, and every Scott-open set is closed upwards, so all the sets in this base are open in the original domain , and so remain open when we restrict to the open subset of and equip it with the subspace topology.

All that remain to show that this is a base is that it can make any Scott-open subset of by union. By Proposition 2.3.6.2, a set is open in the Scott-topology on iff .

Since all of our open subsets of are open in , they can be written as a union of sets from our countable collection by this result.

We have crafted a countable base for our open subset of an -BC domain , so it’s indeed second-countable.

Now for the LHC property. The compact hull operator maps the set to . This is compact because all Scott-opens are closed upwards, so an open cover of must have an open which includes itself, and this single open covers the entire set. This set is a subset of because everything that approximates lies above , so is a lower bound, and thus must equal or lie below . Since is in our open subset , the same must also apply to this lower bound, because Scott-open sets are closed up.

For our first property of a compact hull operator, we need to show that . This is easy, anything which lies in must lie above the infinimum of that set.

For our second property of a compact hull operator, we need to show that implies . For this, assuming the starting assumption, by basic properties of inf, we have , so then anything above that first point must also be above the second point, so we have our result.

Now, we just need to check the LHC property. Let be an open subset of , and let . We can consider the directed set of approximants to from the basis of our domain , called . Scott-opens have the feature that for any directed set with a supremum in the open set (and is directed and has a supremum of , which lies in ), there’s an element in the directed set which also lies in the open set. So, we can find a which lies in the basis, and , and . Then just let your open set from the base be . This is an open from the base. It contains . And, , because and Scott-opens are closed upwards.

And thus, our result is shown.

Corollary 1: All -BC domains are compact second-countable LHC spaces.

Just use Proposition 5 when your open set is all of your domain to get second-countability and LHC-ness. For compactness, any open cover of the domain must have an open set which includes the bottom point , and Scott-opens are closed upwards, so we can isolate a particular open set which covers the entire domain.

Theorem 2: If is second-countable and locally compact, then is an -BC domain, as is .

To begin, is topologically identical to , so we can just prove it for the case to get both results.

As a recap, the Scott-topology on is the topology with the open sets being ,, and all sets of the form for .

The space is the space of all continuous functions , where is equipped with the Scott-topology, which has been equipped with a partial order via

We will actually show a stronger result, that this space is a continuous complete lattice with a countable basis, as this implies that the set is an -BC domain.

To show this, we’ll need to show that the space is closed under arbitrary suprema. This is sufficient to show that the space is a complete lattice because, to get the infinimum of the empty set, we can get a top element by taking the supremum of everything, and to get the infinimum of any nonempty set of elements, we can take the set of lower bounds (which is nonempty because a bottom element exists, the supremum of the empty set), and take supremum of that. Then we just need to find a countable basis, and we’ll be done. Most of the difficulty is in finding the countable basis for the function space.

Showing there’s a bottom element (sup of the empty set) is easy, just consider the function which maps everything in to 0.

Now, we’ll show that suprema exist for all nonempty sets of functions. Let be our nonempty set of functions.

The natural candidate for the supremum of functions is is , call this function . It’s a least upper bound of all the functions , the only fiddly part we need to show is that this function is a continuous function , in order for it to appear in the space .

Fix an arbitrary open set in , we’ll show that the preimage is open in . If the set is the empty set or itself, then the preimage will be the empty set or all of , so those two cases are taken care of. Otherwise, the open set is of the form for . Now, we have

And now we see that this preimage can be written as a union of preimages of open sets, which are open since all the are continuous, so the set is open. Since was arbitrary in , we have that the preimage of all open sets in the unit interval is open in , so is indeed continuous and exists in , to serve as the least upper bound there.

All that remains is coming up with a countable basis for , which is the hard part. Let be a countable base of (this can be done since is second-countable). Given an open set and rational number , we define the atomic step function as:

First things first is showing these are continuous. Clearly, any preimage will either be the empty set, all of , or the open set (because there’s no open set in with the Scott-topology that contains 0 without containing ), so they’re indeed continuous.

Our attempted countable basis will be all of these atomic step functions, and all finite suprema of such. Suprema of arbitrary sets of functions always exist as we’ve shown, so this is well-defined. It’s countable because there’s countably many choices of open set, countably many choices of rational number, and we’re considering only the finite subsets of this countable set.

The hard part is showing that for any , it can be built as the supremum of stuff from this basis which approximates . First up, as a preliminary, is showing that is a directed set for some arbitrary function . is the set of all elements of the basis which approximate . What we can do is pick two arbitrary functions from the basis, and s.t. and . From back in Proposition 5, we know that . Since our basis is closed under finite suprema, we now know that the intersection of the basis and the approximants to is closed under finite suprema, so it’s directed.

So, now that we know that is a directed set for arbitrary , we must ask, does ? For one direction, we have that every function in approximates , so it must be less than itself, so we have trivially. So let’s get the other direction going, by showing

First, let’s solve the case where . We’d have

Now we can assume that . We now have

The inequality is because now we’re restricting to the atomic step functions instead of all the suprema of such. And then we have

Why is this? Well, is 0 if , and if . So, if, for a rational number , we can find an open set s.t. , and , then the supremum of atomic step functions must map to or higher. And if there’s an atomic step function which approximates and maps to some , we can read out the open set from it to certify that lies in the latter set of rational numbers we’re taking the supremum over.

Our proof target will be to show that

If we could hit that proof target, then we could go

With the inequality coming from chaining the equalities and inequalities so far, and the proof target, and the equality coming from (in the case we’re working in) and real numbers being the supremum of rational numbers below them. This works for arbitrary with , and we’ve already addressed the 0 case, so we’d establish

And, since we’ve already shown the other direction of the inequality, we’d have for arbitrary , showing that has a countable basis, so it’s an -BC domain since that’s the last piece we need, and we’d be done.

So, all we need to pull off to finish up our proof is to show

This can be done if we can prove

So let this be our new proof target. We’re working in the case where , so we can safely assume the starting precondition that . Let’s construct our open set to find a compact neighborhood within.

Because , we have that , which is an open set. Because is locally compact, we can always find a compact set and open set from the base s.t.

Let this be our . , trivially. So all that’s left now is to prove that
and we’ll hit our implication proof target. So this is our new proof target.

To establish this, we’ll take an arbitrary directed set s.t. , and prove that we can always find an element from it that exceeds . So fix such a .

Remember that we’ve already got fixed subsets of , denoted by and , with being open, and being compact, and

Let’s begin. Given an arbitrary , we have so . Then, we have

So, each can be associated with some function where ie , just pick an appropriate one out of the supremum. So, we have

And then, this means that is an open cover of , since all these preimages of open sets are open, and every point is covered by the appropriate preimage for . Since is compact, there’s a finite open subcover of . Denote the corresponding functions as . So, is a finite open cover of .

Since we have finitely many functions from picked out, there’s an upper bound to all of them which still lies in , call this function . Since for all of the finitely many functions we have, we know that

for all the finitely many ( is a higher function so a preimage of high points through must be a superset of the preimage through ). And so, we have

Because these finitely many preimages are all subsets of the preimage of , and they’re an open cover of .

Since , we will now endeavor to show that and we’ll be done. For , we have

So, that’s taken care of. Now, what if ? Well,

The first two subsets are because of how we constructed in the first place, and the third was derived at the end of our open cover arguments. This means that . And then we can get

So, in both cases, . And so we have and . was an arbitrary directed set with supremum of or above, so we have . And that’s the last part that we need! We’re done now.

Corollary 2:The space is an -BC domain with top element when is second-countable and locally compact.

This is easy, we just apply Theorem 2 to get that is an -BC domain, then apply Corollary 1 to get that it’s second-countable and locally compact, then apply Theorem 2 again to get that it’s an -BC domain. The top element is the constant function which maps everything to 1.

Lemma 1: If is compact, then any continuous function where is equipped with the Scott-topology has being finite.

Proof: The family of sets for is an open cover of . This is because, since is continuous, and is Scott-open, the preimage is open. It covers because all points in are mapped to or a real number. Since is compact, there’s a finite open subcover, yielding finitely many real numbers s.t. sets of the form cover . Take the least of these, to get a finite lower-bound on the value of over all of .

Lemma 2: If X is compact, then given any continuous function , if , then in . The same result holds for .

Fix a directed set of functions s.t. . For any particular , we have

Thus, for any particular , there’s a function where . So, the set is open (a preimage of an open) and contains . This can be done for all points in , to get an open cover of . is compact, so there’s a finite subcover, and we can find finitely many s.t. . This is saying that for any point in , there’s a function that maps it above . Then, we can take an upper bound to all these to get a function that maps all points in to a value above . Then, we have, for arbitary , that , so . Since our directed set was arbitrary and we’re always able to find a function in it that beats , this means that .

Proposition 6: The space is an -BC domain with top element when is compact, second-countable, and locally compact.

So, here’s how the proof will work. As it turns out, if we can just show that is open in the set , then we’ll be done. Here’s how we can finish up the entire theorem if we just knew that result.

Since is second-countable and locally compact, we know from Theorem 2 that is an -BC domain. Then, using our assumption that is an open subset, we’d get from Proposition 5 that is a second-countable LHC space, so in particular, it’s second-countable and locally compact. Then, we just appeal to Theorem 2 one more time to get that is an -BC domain. And the top element is the constant function which maps everything to

Let’s prove that is an open subset of . The criteria for a set to be open is that it be closed upwards, and that if a directed subset has a supremum in the set of interest, then the directed subset must already have an element in the set of interest. Upwards closure is easy. If , and is never , then the same must apply to . However, showing that directedness property takes more work, and will rely on being compact.

Take an arbitrary directed set of functions s.t . Then, by Lemma 1 (since is compact), is finite. And so, by Lemma 2,

And then, since is a directed set with a supremum of , there must be an element of (call it ) which exceeds . This constant function lies in , and this set is closed upwards, so g also lies in the same set.

And therefore, is a Scott-open set, because it’s closed upwards and for an arbitrary directed set with a supremum that lies in this set, there’s an element which also lies in the same set.

The rest of the theorem follows, as per earlier discussion.

Theorem 3/​Retraction Theorem: If is an -BC domain with a top element, and , then , which is the set equipped with the order inherited from , is an -BC domain if the following two conditions hold.
1: is closed under directed suprema.
2: is closed under arbitrary nonempty infinima.

We’ll split into two possible cases. The first case is where the top element from also lies in . The second case is where the from doesn’t lie in .

The first case will be addressed by establishing a link between and which lets us transfer the nice properties of over to , and is where the bulk of the work is.

The second case will be done by adding our top element into the set to make a domain . This reduces us to the first case, so we automatically know that has all the nice properties we need. Then we just need to show that we can rip the top point off of , to get back to , and that doing this keeps as an -BC domain.

So, let’s embark on the first case, where we can assume that . We’ll define some functions linking and . will be used for points in , and will be used for points in . and will be used to denote the orders on and , when we want to be picky.

is a partial function which is only defined when . It maps a point in to its corresponding point in . Clearly it’s monotone, because the ordering on is just the restriction of the ordering on .

We also have a total function , which is just the usual subset inclusion of into . So, of course, we have when and .

Finally, we have , defined as

This is well-defined because and is above everything, so you’re always taking the inf of a nonempty set (it always contains ). Further, it lies in because

This is because, the infinimum of stuff in is also in by assumption, so we can inject the infinimum as computed in , and that’s the same thing as injecting everything into and computing the infinimum there.

Our first task is to show that , and . We have

The first two equalities are by the definitions. Then, it doesn’t matter whether we compute the inf in or , so we switch to computing the inf in and injecting that, which can be done because inf of stuff in is also in . Then, we observe that and , so the inf as computed in is just exactly, and then it cancels out to yield again.

Now for the other direction, that . We have

The first two equalities are just definitions. Then we switch the out since is closed under nonempty infinimum, the and cancel, and then we observe that we’re taking the inf of a bunch of stuff above , so is a lower bound.

Now that we’ve established that, let’s show that both s and r are continuous in the Scott-topology. Functions are continuous iff they’re monotone and preserve suprema of directed sets. For , monotonicity is trivial, because iff , due to just being subset inclusion and having the restriction of the order on .

For preserving suprema of directed sets, working in , we have

This is because, since is closed under directed suprema, it doesn’t matter whether we take the directed sup in or in , so we can move the in and out. Then we just use that and compose to the identity. Since preserves order, from the above work, when we strip off the and work in ,

And bam, continuity of is shown.

Now for establishing continuity of . For monotonicity, if , then

This occurs because if , then has more points in which lies above it, so the infinimum of this larger set must be as low or lower than the infinimum of stuff above .

For preservation of directed supremum, letting A be a subset of D, since

automatically by monotonicity, we just have to show the reverse direction. This can be done by:

The first equality was because . The second one is because is continuous, so we can move the directed sup in and out of it. Then, we use that and monotonicity of for our inequality, and then just rephrase the directed supremum.

Now that we know that both and are monotone, and , by definition 3.1.1, and make a monotone section/​retraction pair. By Proposition 3.1.2.2, since is a pointed DCPO, is too. Also, by Lemma 3.1.3, since and are both pointed DCPO’s, and and are continuous (as we’ve shown), , where is a basis for , is a basis for . So is a pointed DCPO with countable basis, since has a countable basis. All that remains is showing that has suprema of all bounded pairs of points, to show that it’s a BC-domain. Since is closed under arbitrary nonempty infinima, you can just take the inf of all the upper bounds on your points in order to make a supremum, and bam, is a BC-domain.

This addresses the case where . But what if it isn’t? Well, taking your original set and adding to it, it’s still closed under nonempty infinima (because adding to the set you’re taking nonempty inf of doesn’t change the inf), and it’s still closed under directed suprema, because any directed set containing must have the directed suprema being . So, we can conclude that is an -BC domain.

All that remains is showing that , the thing you get when you rip the top point out, is also an -BC domain. Your set is still pointed, since only was ripped out, not . It’s still closed under directed suprema because directed sets in are directed sets in which are subsets of . Computing the directed supremum in , it can’t be because by assumption, and is closed under directed suprema. Then we can just port that directed supremum back to , secure in the knowledge that the directed supremum can’t be that top point we ripped out. So is at least a pointed DCPO.

Bounded suprema still exist in , because you can take two points with an upper bound , and the supremum of in was the inf of every upper bound. When you rip the top point out, it doesn’t make the inf empty since is still present, and it doesn’t affect the value of the inf since is above everything and can’t change the inf when you get rid of it. So the supremum as computed in is still present in .

For a countable basis, just use the original countable basis from and rip the top point out from it. The definition of a basis was that , and all these directed sets remain unchanged because if isn’t , can’t approximate because that would require that , which is impossible, so this resulting set still computes all the points correctly via directed supremum.

Therefore, is an -BC domain.

Lemma 3: Given a continuous DCO and BC-domain , the infinimum of a batch of functions as computed in can be written as:

So, in order to do this, we’ll need to show three things. First, that it’s continuous. Second, that it is indeed a lower bound. Third, that it’s the greatest lower bound.

To show that it’s continuous, we show monotonicity and preservation of directed suprema. For monotonicity, let . Then

The equalities are just definitions, the inequality is because any approximant to is also an approximant to since is above . Now for preservation of directed suprema. Let be a directed subset of .

And then we have

Because, for any and , we also have , since it’s higher. And, if , then there’s some s.t. . So everything in one supremum is present in the other and vice-versa. Then we can just go

and we’re done! It’s a continuous function.

To show that it’s a lower bound, fix an arbitrary . We have

This is by continuity of , then so it’s continuous, so we can move the directed supremum in and out of , then the value inside the directed supremum staying the same or decreasing since we’re taking the inf of all over all .

To show that it’s the greatest lower bound, let be another lower bound to the collection of functions . We have

Because , we get that inequality, swapping out for makes the value stay the same or go down. Then, since is continuous, we can move the directed suprema inside of , and the directed supremum of approximants to is itself. So it’s the greatest lower bound.

Lemma 4: For any function where is 1-Lipschitz and , and is compact, .

By Lemma 1, is a finite constant. Now, let’s begin.

Here’s where the inequalities came from. The first inequality is because, by assumption . The equality is because, since , the same inequality applies to constant functions, and by monotonicity, matches or exceeds what you get when you feed the other constant function in, so it’s a nonnegative quantity, equal to the distance between the two values you get. Then, the next inequality is 1-Lipschitzness of . The distance between constant functions is the distance between their values. Then, the absolute value is clear. And because the quantity in the absolute value is 0 or negative, it equals negative-itself.

Now, we can multiply by negative 1 to flip this around and get

And then, since we have since the constant function undershoots it for all inputs, we can apply monotonicity to get

Lemma 5: If is compact, and , and , and , then .

Since is compact, no functions in here can have a value of or value unbounded below by Lemma 1.

Fix a directed set of functions with . Our goal is to get an element of G which exceeds . For each , consider the function , to get the directed set . Our first thing to do is to show that is a directed set. Which is easy because, given any two functions in , we can just subtract the constant from them to get two functions in , take an upper bound in , and add the constant back to it to get an upper bound in . Also, for any , we have

The first equality was just using how was constructed and how supremum of functions is defined. Then we use that this is just adding a constant to , do a bit of regrouping, get our inequality because by assumption, use the definition of function distance, substitute in a particular value, and the last inequality is obvious.

So, since this holds for all , we have . Since this is a directed set with a supremum of or more, and , we can isolate a function where . So then , and we’ve got an element of our directed set which exceeds . Since we picked an arbitrary directed set with a supremum of or higher, this means that .

Lemma 6: If is compact, and , and , then .

Fix a directed set of functions with . Our task is to find a that exceeds . For each , consider the function , to get the directed set . Our first thing to do is to show that is a directed set. Which is easy because, given any two functions in there, we can take their original g’s, and take an upper bound of the two and translate forward again to get an upper bound in . Also, for any , we have

So, since this holds for all , we have . Since this is a directed set with a supremum of or more, and , we can isolate a function where . Then, we have

So, we have a , and our directed set was arbitrary, so we’ve showed approximation, and have our result that, if , then .

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