Actually, there can be multi-level selection (MLS theory; cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_selection#Multilevel_selection_theory) when there is competition between groups. In the same sense there is selection between individuals when there is competition between individuals, or the competition between genes popularized by Richard Dawkins.
This is the best solution for Darwin’s problem of ant colonies, even better than haplodiploidy. I thought I would come out of lurking while reading through the sequences to mention this, since multi-level selection was demonized during the 70s under the name “group selection” due to some overzealous proponents. So, while we would not say “evolution has favored a species that buys lottery tickets”, we might hypothesize evolution favors human societies that buy lottery tickets when under competition with other societies that do not (as an example).
The other possibility, of course, is that the predisposition that causes some people to want to buy lottery tickets also causes some other behaviour that is more beneficial than the ticket-buying is harmful. Evolution may eventually sort these two out, but changes that subtle can take a long time.
For example, having two copies of the mutation that causes sickle-cell anemia will almost inevitably kill you. But having just one copy of that mutation makes you practically immune to malaria. So in an environment where malaria is sufficiently prevalent the immunity of the lucky is a sufficient advantage to offset their higher proportion of dead children.
Actually, there can be multi-level selection (MLS theory; cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_selection#Multilevel_selection_theory) when there is competition between groups. In the same sense there is selection between individuals when there is competition between individuals, or the competition between genes popularized by Richard Dawkins.
http://www.americanscientist.org/my_amsci/restricted.aspx?act=pdf&id=16386020847008http://www.americanscientist.org/my_amsci/restricted.aspx?act=pdf&id=16386020847008 is a good primer.
This is the best solution for Darwin’s problem of ant colonies, even better than haplodiploidy. I thought I would come out of lurking while reading through the sequences to mention this, since multi-level selection was demonized during the 70s under the name “group selection” due to some overzealous proponents. So, while we would not say “evolution has favored a species that buys lottery tickets”, we might hypothesize evolution favors human societies that buy lottery tickets when under competition with other societies that do not (as an example).
The other possibility, of course, is that the predisposition that causes some people to want to buy lottery tickets also causes some other behaviour that is more beneficial than the ticket-buying is harmful. Evolution may eventually sort these two out, but changes that subtle can take a long time.
For example, having two copies of the mutation that causes sickle-cell anemia will almost inevitably kill you. But having just one copy of that mutation makes you practically immune to malaria. So in an environment where malaria is sufficiently prevalent the immunity of the lucky is a sufficient advantage to offset their higher proportion of dead children.