I didn’t find that clear from your article. A correlation between X and Y tells you no more than that causality is present somewhere. It tells you absolutely nothing about whether X causes Y, Y causes X, Z causes X and Y, how long the causal chains are, or whether it’s a sampling artefact due to common effects of X and Y.
I didn’t find that clear from your article. A correlation between X and Y tells you no more than that causality is present somewhere. It tells you absolutely nothing about whether X causes Y, Y causes X, Z causes X and Y, how long the causal chains are, or whether it’s a sampling artefact due to common effects of X and Y.